πέραν

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

• πέρην (pérēn) — Ionic, Epic

Etymology

Compare πέρᾱ (pérā, “beyond”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /pé.raːn/ → /ˈpe.ran/ → /ˈpe.ran/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /pé.raːn/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈpe.ran/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈpe.ran/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈpe.ran/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈpe.ran/

Adverb

πέρᾱν • (pérān)

1. (with genitive, often with the associated idea of a body of water)
   1. on the other side, across
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.626
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.752
      • 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 215
      • 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 814
      • 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 5.21
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.9
      • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1200
      • 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 334
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.67
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.3.3
      • 416 BCE, Euripides, Herakles 386
      1. (absolute) on the other side
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.97
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.4.20
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 6.5.22
      2. (with verbs of motion, followed by εἰς (eis)) over or across to
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.36
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.2.2
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.111
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.44
      3. (with the article)
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 3.5.2
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 1.3.17
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.3.11
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.3.24
         • 200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 3.97.5
         • 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Gaius Marius 23
         • 86 CE – 160 CE, Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander 5.10.2
   2. over against, opposite
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.535
      • 110 CE – 180 CE, Pausanias Periegeta, Graeciae Descriptio 2.22.2
      • 110 CE – 180 CE, Pausanias Periegeta, Graeciae Descriptio 5.15.8
   3. (less often) beyond
      • 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Isthmian Ode 6.23
      • 428 BCE, Euripides, Hippolytus 1053
      • 438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 585
      • 423 BCE, Euripides, The Suppliants 676
   4. right through
      • 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, On the Instruments of Reduction 37
      • 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, On Joints 11
      • 110 CE – 180 CE, Pausanias Periegeta, Graeciae Descriptio 5.15.8

Descendants

• Greek: πέραν (péran)

References

• “πέραν”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “πέραν”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• πέραν in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• “πέραν”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• G4008 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • across idem, page 9.
  • beyond idem, page 77.
  • opposite idem, page 576.
  • side idem, page 772.

Greek

Etymology

From Ancient Greek πέραν (péran).

Adverb

πέραν • (péran)

1. beyond
2. (obsolete) Alternative form of πέρα (péra)

Usage notes

• Almost always followed by genitive (γενική (genikí))