χθαμαλός

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰemelo-, from *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”) (whence χθών (khthṓn), Sanskrit kṣam). Cognate with Latin humilis, Phrygian ζεμελως (zemelōs, “man”).

Same Proto-Indo-European root gave both the nouns for man and earth (Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm); compare Latin homō (“human being, man”) and humus (“ground, soil”), and similar semantic shift occurring in Semitic languages: Hebrew אָדָם (adám, “man”), אדמה (adamá, “soil”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /kʰtʰa.ma.lós/ → /xθa.maˈlos/ → /xθa.maˈlos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /kʰtʰa.ma.lós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /kʰtʰa.maˈlos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /xθa.maˈlos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /xθa.maˈlos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /xθa.maˈlos/

Adjective

χθᾰμᾰλός • (khthamalós) m (feminine χθᾰμᾰλή, neuter χθᾰμᾰλόν); first/second declension

1. low, near the ground, creeping
2. sunken, flat
3. epithet of Ithaca

Inflection

First and second declension of χθᾰμᾰλός; χθᾰμᾰλή; χθᾰμᾰλόν (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		χθᾰμᾰλός khthamalós	χθᾰμᾰλή khthamalḗ	χθᾰμᾰλόν khthamalón		χθᾰμᾰλώ khthamalṓ	χθᾰμᾰλᾱ́ khthamalā́	χθᾰμᾰλώ khthamalṓ		χθᾰμᾰλοί khthamaloí	χθᾰμᾰλαί khthamalaí	χθᾰμᾰλᾰ́ khthamalá
Genitive		χθᾰμᾰλοῦ khthamaloû	χθᾰμᾰλῆς khthamalês	χθᾰμᾰλοῦ khthamaloû		χθᾰμᾰλοῖν khthamaloîn	χθᾰμᾰλαῖν khthamalaîn	χθᾰμᾰλοῖν khthamaloîn		χθᾰμᾰλῶν khthamalôn	χθᾰμᾰλῶν khthamalôn	χθᾰμᾰλῶν khthamalôn
Dative		χθᾰμᾰλῷ khthamalôi	χθᾰμᾰλῇ khthamalêi	χθᾰμᾰλῷ khthamalôi		χθᾰμᾰλοῖν khthamaloîn	χθᾰμᾰλαῖν khthamalaîn	χθᾰμᾰλοῖν khthamaloîn		χθᾰμᾰλοῖς khthamaloîs	χθᾰμᾰλαῖς khthamalaîs	χθᾰμᾰλοῖς khthamaloîs
Accusative		χθᾰμᾰλόν khthamalón	χθᾰμᾰλήν khthamalḗn	χθᾰμᾰλόν khthamalón		χθᾰμᾰλώ khthamalṓ	χθᾰμᾰλᾱ́ khthamalā́	χθᾰμᾰλώ khthamalṓ		χθᾰμᾰλούς khthamaloús	χθᾰμᾰλᾱ́ς khthamalā́s	χθᾰμᾰλᾰ́ khthamalá
Vocative		χθᾰμᾰλέ khthamalé	χθᾰμᾰλή khthamalḗ	χθᾰμᾰλόν khthamalón		χθᾰμᾰλώ khthamalṓ	χθᾰμᾰλᾱ́ khthamalā́	χθᾰμᾰλώ khthamalṓ		χθᾰμᾰλοί khthamaloí	χθᾰμᾰλαί khthamalaí	χθᾰμᾰλᾰ́ khthamalá
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		χθᾰμᾰλῶς khthamalôs				χθᾰμᾰλώτερος khthamalṓteros				χθᾰμᾰλώτᾰτος khthamalṓtatos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Further reading

• “χθαμαλός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “χθαμαλός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “χθαμαλός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• χθαμαλός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• χθαμαλός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963