ям
See also: ам
Bulgarian edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Old Church Slavonic ꙗсти (jasti), from Proto-Slavic *ěsti.
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
ям • (jam) first-singular present indicative, impf
- (transitive) to eat, to consume
- Synonyms: храня се (hranja se), консумирам (konsumiram)
- (transitive) to cause someone to worry, to eat, to pester, to badger, to nag
- Какво те яде?
- Kakvo te jade?
- What's worrying you?
Conjugation edit
Conjugation of ям (conjugation 1.1, irregular, imperfective, transitive)
| participles | present active participle | past active aorist participle | past active imperfect participle | past passive participle | verbal noun | adverbial participle | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | indefinite | ядя́щ jadjášt |
ял jal |
ядя́л jadjál |
я́ден jáden |
яде́йки jadéjki | |
| definite subject form | ядя́щият jadjáštijat |
я́лият jálijat |
— | я́деният jádenijat | |||
| definite object form | ядя́щия jadjáštija |
я́лия jálija |
— | я́дения jádenija | |||
| feminine | indefinite | ядя́ща jadjášta |
я́ла jála |
ядя́ла jadjála |
я́дена jádena | ||
| definite | ядя́щата jadjáštata |
я́лата jálata |
— | я́дената jádenata | |||
| neuter | indefinite | ядя́що jadjášto |
я́ло jálo |
ядя́ло jadjálo |
я́дено jádeno |
я́дене jádene | |
| definite | ядя́щото jadjáštoto |
я́лото jáloto |
— | я́деното jádenoto |
я́денето jádeneto | ||
| plural | indefinite | ядя́щи jadjášti |
я́ли jáli |
яде́ли jadéli |
я́дени jádeni |
я́дения, я́денета jádenija, jádeneta | |
| definite | ядя́щите jadjáštite |
я́лите jálite |
— | я́дените jádenite |
я́денията, я́денетата jádenijata, jádenetata | ||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present | ям jam |
яде́ш jadéš |
яде́ jadé |
яде́м jadém |
яде́те jadéte |
яда́т jadát | |
| imperfect | ядя́х jadjáh |
яде́ше jadéše |
яде́ше jadéše |
ядя́хме jadjáhme |
ядя́хте jadjáhte |
ядя́ха jadjáha | |
| aorist | я́дох jádoh |
я́де jáde |
я́де jáde |
я́дохме jádohme |
я́дохте jádohte |
я́доха jádoha | |
| future | pos. | Use ще followed by the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
| future in the past | pos. | Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present perfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| past perfect | Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future indicative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| future perfect in the past | Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| renarrative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and ядя́л m, ядя́ла f, ядя́ло n, or яде́ли pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| dubitative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and ядя́л m, ядя́ла f, ядя́ло n, or яде́ли pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | none
| ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| conclusive | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and ядя́л m, ядя́ла f, ядя́ло n, or яде́ли pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| conditional | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | |||||||
| imperative | - | ти | - | - | вие | - | |
| яж jaž |
яде́те jadéte |
||||||
Erzya edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Mordvinic *jam, possibly inherited from Proto-Uralic *jamɜ (“mash, soup (made of fish flour, blood, meat)”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
ям • (jam)
Declension edit
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Indefinite declension of ям (hard consonant stem (сан) type)
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | ям (jam) | ямт (jamt) |
| genitive | ямонь (jamoń) | — |
| dative | ямнэнь (jamneń) | — |
| ablative | ямдо (jamdo) | — |
| inessive | ямсо (jamso) | — |
| elative | ямсто (jamsto) | — |
| illative | ямс (jams) | — |
| prolative | ямга (jamga) | — |
| translative | ямкс (jamks) | — |
| comparative | ямшка (jamška) | — |
| abessive | ямтомо (jamtomo) | — |
References edit
- B. A. Serebrennikov, R. N. Buzakova, M. V. Mosin (1993) “ям”, in Эрзянь-рузонь валкс [Erzya-Russian dictionary], Moscow: Русский язык, →ISBN
- Entry #162 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.
Russian edit
Alternative forms edit
- ямъ (jam) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Turkic, eventually Chinese or Mongolian. There is no scholarly consensus regarding the direction of borrowing. Generally, it is believed that Turkic jam and Chinese zhàn are loanwords from Mongolian ǰam, however, some (e.g. Tuymebayev in Казахско-монгольские лексические параллели) believe the directionality is reversed (i.e. Chinese "to stand > stand > station" → Middle Mongol → Turkic → Russian). Whatever the etymology, what is apparent is that the word jam has been around for a long time and was used by Central Asians to designate a key postal relay station or official. Compare Mongolian зам (zam).
Noun edit
ям • (jam) m inan (genitive я́ма, nominative plural я́мы, genitive plural я́мов, relational adjective ямско́й)
Declension edit
Related terms edit
- ямщи́к (jamščík)
Etymology 2 edit
Noun edit
ям • (jam) f inan pl
Further reading edit
- ям in Большой толковый словарь, editor-in-chief С. А. Кузнецов – hosted at gramota.ru