توده

See also: پوده

Pashto edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Iranian *taftáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *taptás, from Proto-Indo-European *t_əptós (“heated, warm, hot”), from the root *tep- (“to (be) warm”). Cognate with Persian (taft), Sogdian ܬܒܬܐܟ (tβtʾk), Bactrian ταβδο (tabdo), Ossetian тӕвдӕ (tævdæ), Avestan 𐬙𐬀𐬟𐬙𐬀 (tafta), Sanskrit तप्त (taptá). Compare also Tocharian B tāpce (“warm”) and Irish teas, Welsh tes (“heat, warmth; compassion”).

Related to تود (tod).

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /t̪awd̪a/
Audio (file)

Adjective edit

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توده • (tawda)

hot, warm
Synonym: تود (tod)

Declension edit

declension of توده

	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
direct	تود (tod)	تاودۀ (tâwdë)		توده (tëwda)	تودې (tëwde)
oblique	تاودۀ (tâwdë)	تودو (tëwdo)		تودې (tëwde)	تودو (tëwdo)
vocative	توده (toda)	تودو (tëwdo)		تودې (tëwde)	تودو (tëwdo)

Persian edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Iranian *taw(H)táH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *taw(H)táH (“people, folk, crowd”), from Proto-Indo-European *tew(H)téh₂ (“people, tribe, men-at-arms”).

Cognate with Northern Kurdish tûde, Sogdian 𐫤𐫇𐫔𐫏𐫍 (twδyh /⁠tūδē⁠/). More distantly related to Latin tōtus, Latvian tàuta, Lithuanian tautà, Irish tuath, Welsh tud, Gothic 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 (þiuda), Middle English thede and Teuton.

Pronunciation edit

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [toː.ða]

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰoː.d̪ä]
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰoː.d̪ä]
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰʊː.d̪ä]

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰuː.d̪e]

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰɵ.d̪ä]

Readings
Classical reading^?	tōḏa
Dari reading^?	tōda
Iranian reading^?	tude
Tajik reading^?	tüda

Noun edit

توده • (tude) (plural توده‌ها (tude-hâ))

heap, pile, mass
people, folk, masses

Descendants edit

→ Ottoman Turkish: توده (tude)
→ Urdu: تودہ (tōda, tūda)

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