خود
Persian edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Middle Persian BNPŠE, 𐭡𐭭𐭯𐭱𐭤 (xwad), from Old Persian *hvatah. Related to خدا (xodâ, “God”).
Pronunciation edit
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [xʷað]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [xod̪̥]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [χud̪]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | xwaḏ |
Dari reading? | xud |
Iranian reading? | xod |
Tajik reading? | xud |
Noun edit
Dari | خود |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | худ |
خود • (xod)
Pronoun edit
Dari | خود |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | худ |
خود • (xod)
- (reflexive) self, -self
- Synonym: خویش (xiš, literary)
- c. 1260, Rumi, The Masnavi:
- حمله بر خود میکنی ای ساده مرد، همچو آن شیری که بر خود حمله کرد.
- hamle bar xod mi-koni ey sâde mard, hamčo ân šir-i ke bar xod hamle kard.
- You are attacking yourself, o simple man, like that lion who attacked himself.
- 2009, Shadmehr Aghili (lyrics and music), “تقدیر (taqdir)”:
- تو با خودت هم دشمنی.
- to bâ xod-et ham došman-i.
- You are an enemy even with yourself.
- (emphatic) one's own (in possessive constructions)
- Synonym: خویش (xiš, literary)
- مادر خود را نمیشناسی؟ (More literary)
- mâdar-e xod-râ ne-mi-šenâsi?
- مادر خودت رو نمیشناسی؟ (More colloquial)
- mâdar-e xod-et-o ne-mi-šnâsi?
- Don’t you recognize your own mother?
Usage notes edit
خود (xod) can occur both in isolation and before a suffixed pronominal clitic such as م (-am, “my”), ت (-at, et, “your”), and ش (-aš, eš, “his/her”). In isolation, it serves as a general reflexive pronoun for any subject:
- خود را دیدم
- xod-râ didam
- I saw [my]self
- خود را دیدی
- xod-râ didi
- you saw [your]self
The pronominal clitics specify the pronoun:
- خودم را دیدم
- xod-am-râ didam
- I saw myself
- خودت را دیدی
- xod-at-râ didi
- you saw yourself
In colloquial Persian, the suffixed forms are almost always used.
Derived terms edit
- خود به خود (xod be xod)
- به خودی خود (be xodi-ye xod)
- خودبین (xodbin)
- خودی (xodi)
- خودکار (xodkâr)
- خودرو (xodrow)
- خودآموز (xod-âmuz)
- بیخود (bixod)
- بیخودی (bixodi)
- از خود بیخود شدن (az xod bixod šodan)
- خود نوشتن (xod neveštan)
- خودکشی (xod-koši)
- خودارضایی (xod-erzâyi)
Descendants edit
- → Assamese: খোদ (khüd)
- → Armenian: Խոդ (Xod)
- → Bengali: খোদ (khōd)
- → Gujarati: ખુદ (khud)
- → Hindustani:
- → Marathi: खुद्द (khudda)
- → Punjabi:
References edit
Etymology 2 edit
From Middle Persian xwd (xōd, “helm”), borrowed from Parthian xwwd (*xōδ, “helmet”), from Old Iranian, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kadʰ- (“to guard, cover, care for, protect”). The Parthian word is cognate with Old Persian 𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (xaudā-, “hat”), Avestan 𐬑𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀 (xaoδa, “helmet”), Ossetian худ (xud, “hat”), English hat, hood, etc. The inherited form of the Persian is خوی (xoy). Akin to Old Armenian խոյր (xoyr), արտախոյր (artaxoyr), Georgian ხვირი (xviri), Arabic خُوذَة (ḵūḏa), Iranian borrowings.
Pronunciation edit
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [xoːð]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [xuːd̪̥]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [χɵd̪]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | xōḏ |
Dari reading? | xōd |
Iranian reading? | xud |
Tajik reading? | xüd |
Noun edit
Dari | خود |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | хӯд |
خود • (xud) (plural خودها (xud-hâ))
Derived terms edit
- کلاهخود (kolâh-xud)
Descendants edit
References edit
- Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1971–1979), “խոյր”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press
Urdu edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Classical Persian خْوَد (xwad)/خْوُد (xwud).
Pronunciation edit
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /xʊd̪/, /xwʊd̪/
Pronoun edit
خود • (xud, xvud) (Hindi spelling ख़ुद)
- reflexive pronoun: oneself, one's own
- میں یہ کام خود کروں گا۔ ― ma͠i ye kām xud karūṅgā. ― I will do this work myself.
Synonyms edit
- آپ (āp)
Derived terms edit
- خود بخود (xud ba-xud, xvud ba-xvud, “automatically”)
References edit
- Platts, John T. (1884), “خود”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.