خوش
Arabic edit
Verb edit
خَوَّشَ • (ḵawwaša) II, non-past يُخَوِّشُ (yuḵawwišu)
- to countersink
- to ream
Conjugation edit
verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
taḵwīš | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
muḵawwiš | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
muḵawwaš | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | ḵawwaštu |
ḵawwašta |
خَوَّشَ ḵawwaša |
ḵawwaštumā |
ḵawwašā |
ḵawwašnā |
ḵawwaštum |
ḵawwašū | |||
f | ḵawwašti |
ḵawwašat |
ḵawwašatā |
ḵawwaštunna |
ḵawwašna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔuḵawwišu |
tuḵawwišu |
yuḵawwišu |
tuḵawwišāni |
yuḵawwišāni |
nuḵawwišu |
tuḵawwišūna |
yuḵawwišūna | |||
f | tuḵawwišīna |
tuḵawwišu |
tuḵawwišāni |
tuḵawwišna |
yuḵawwišna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔuḵawwiša |
tuḵawwiša |
yuḵawwiša |
tuḵawwišā |
yuḵawwišā |
nuḵawwiša |
tuḵawwišū |
yuḵawwišū | |||
f | tuḵawwišī |
tuḵawwiša |
tuḵawwišā |
tuḵawwišna |
yuḵawwišna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔuḵawwiš |
tuḵawwiš |
yuḵawwiš |
tuḵawwišā |
yuḵawwišā |
nuḵawwiš |
tuḵawwišū |
yuḵawwišū | |||
f | tuḵawwišī |
tuḵawwiš |
tuḵawwišā |
tuḵawwišna |
yuḵawwišna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | خَوِّشْ ḵawwiš |
ḵawwišā |
ḵawwišū |
||||||||
f | ḵawwišī |
ḵawwišna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | ḵuwwištu |
ḵuwwišta |
خُوِّشَ ḵuwwiša |
ḵuwwištumā |
ḵuwwišā |
ḵuwwišnā |
ḵuwwištum |
ḵuwwišū | |||
f | ḵuwwišti |
ḵuwwišat |
ḵuwwišatā |
ḵuwwištunna |
ḵuwwišna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔuḵawwašu |
tuḵawwašu |
yuḵawwašu |
tuḵawwašāni |
yuḵawwašāni |
nuḵawwašu |
tuḵawwašūna |
yuḵawwašūna | |||
f | tuḵawwašīna |
tuḵawwašu |
tuḵawwašāni |
tuḵawwašna |
yuḵawwašna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔuḵawwaša |
tuḵawwaša |
yuḵawwaša |
tuḵawwašā |
yuḵawwašā |
nuḵawwaša |
tuḵawwašū |
yuḵawwašū | |||
f | tuḵawwašī |
tuḵawwaša |
tuḵawwašā |
tuḵawwašna |
yuḵawwašna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔuḵawwaš |
tuḵawwaš |
yuḵawwaš |
tuḵawwašā |
yuḵawwašā |
nuḵawwaš |
tuḵawwašū |
yuḵawwašū | |||
f | tuḵawwašī |
tuḵawwaš |
tuḵawwašā |
tuḵawwašna |
yuḵawwašna |
Gulf Arabic edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
خوش • (ḵōš)
Usage notes edit
- This is a prepositive adjective, and thus must come before the noun it modifies.
Interjection edit
خوش • (ḵōš)
Iraqi Arabic edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
خوش (ḵōš) m or f
- (with a following noun) good; someone or something good
- هايه خوش سيارة
- hāya ḵōš sayyāra
- This is a good car.
Interjection edit
خوش (ḵōš)
Usage notes edit
- This is a prepositive adjective, and thus must come before the noun it modifies.
Synonyms edit
- زين (zēn)
North Mesopotamian Arabic edit
Etymology edit
Adjective edit
خوش (ḵōš) m or f
- (with a following noun) good; someone or something good
- هذي خوش سيارة
- haðiːḵōš səj.jɑː.rə
- This is a good car.
Usage notes edit
- The sense is adjectival, but the construction is like that of a noun or pronoun.
Synonyms edit
Persian edit
Etymology edit
From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (xwš /xʷaš/, “pleasant, sweet, nice”), Manichaean Middle Persian 𐫟𐫇𐫢 (xwš /xʷaš/, “pleasant, good”), from Proto-Iranian. Cognate with Parthian 𐫇𐫟𐫢 (wxš /wxaš/, “pleasant, sweet”), Northern Kurdish xweş, Zazaki weş, Gurani [script needed] (wäš), Baluchi وش (waš(š)) and possibly Khotanese khaṣṣa- (“pleasant”). Doublet of وش (vaš).
The reconstruction of the Proto-Iranian form and its further relations are uncertain. Perhaps Proto-Iranian *hwarša-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *swarćša-, from Proto-Indo-European *swelḱs (“taste (sweet)”), and cognate with Jassic horz and Old Armenian քաղցր (kʿałcʿr).[1][2] An older proposal explains as Proto-Iranian *hw-aši-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hsu-Hákši (“provided with beautiful sight, beautiful to the eye, or with a kind eye”, literally “good-eye”).[3][4][5]
Pronunciation edit
Audio (file)
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [xʷaʃ]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [xoʃ]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [χuʃ]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | xwaš |
Dari reading? | xuš, xōš |
Iranian reading? | xoš |
Tajik reading? | xuš |
Adjective edit
Dari | خوش |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | хуш |
خوش • (xoš) (comparative خوشتَر (xoš-tar), superlative خوشتَرین (xoš-tarin))
Inflection edit
Predicative forms of خوش (xoš) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
1st person (“I am, we are”) |
خوشم (xošam) |
خوشیم (xošim) |
2nd person (“you are”) |
خوشی (xoši) |
خوشید (xošid) خوشین △ (xošin) |
3rd person (“he/she/it is, they are”) |
خوش است (xoš ast) خوشه △ (xoše) |
خوشند (xošand) خوشن △ (xošan) |
△ Colloquial. |
Derived terms edit
- خوش آمدید (xoš âmadid)
- خوشی (xoši)
- سرخوش (sarxoš)
- خوش و بش (xoš-o-beš)
- خوشحال (xošhâl)
- خوشگل (xošgel)
- خوشوقت (xošvaqt)
- خوشمزه (xoš-maze)
Descendants edit
- → Armenian: խոշ (xoš)
- → Azerbaijani: xoş
- → Gulf Arabic: خوش (ḵōš)
- → Bengali: খোশ (khōś)
- → Hindustani:
- → Kazakh: хош (xoş), қош (qoş)
- → North Mesopotamian Arabic: خوش (ḵōš)
- → Punjabi: ਖੁਸ਼ (khuś), خُوش (xūś)
- → Saraiki: خُوش (xūś)
- → Turkish: hoş
- → Uyghur: خۇش (xush)
References edit
- ^ Gert, Klingenschmitt (2000) “Mittelpersisch”, in Bernhard Forssman, Robert Plath, editors, Indoarisch, Iranisch und die Indogermanistik: Arbeitstagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft vom 2. bis 5. Oktober 1997 in Erlangen (in German), Wiesbaden: Reichert, page 204
- ^ Korn, Agnes (2005) Towards a Historical Grammar of Balochi: Studies in Balochi Historical Phonology and Vocabulary (Beiträge zur Iranistik; 26)[1], Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, page 132
- ^ Müller, Friedrich (1891) “Bemerkungen über awestische, pahlawi und neupersische Etymologien”, in Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes[2] (in German), volume 5, page 352 of 348–356
- ^ Horn, Paul (1893) Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie (in German), Strasbourg: K.J. Trübner, § 113, page 508
- ^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2007) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 415
Further reading edit
- Hübschmann, Heinrich (1895) Persische Studien [Persian Studies] (in German), Strasbourg: K.J. Trübner, § 508, pages 57–58
Saraiki edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Classical Persian خوش (xʷuš, xʷaš).
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
خوش (xoś) (Devanagari ख़ुश)
Urdu edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Classical Persian خوش (xʷuš, xʷaš).
Pronunciation edit
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /xʊʃ/
- Rhymes: -ʊʃ
Adjective edit
خوش • (xuś) (indeclinable, Hindi spelling ख़ुश)
Descendants edit
Further reading edit
- “خوش”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
- “خوش”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.
- Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “خوش”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
Uyghur edit
Pronunciation edit
Interjection edit
خوش • (xosh)