ضد
See also: صد
Arabic edit
Etymology edit
From the root ض د د (ḍ-d-d). Likely related to Hebrew צד (tsád).
Pronunciation 1 edit
Noun edit
ضِدّ • (ḍidd) m (plural أَضْدَاد (ʔaḍdād))
- opposite, contrast
- اَلسَّوَادُ ضِدُّ الْبَيَاضِ
- as-sawādu ḍiddu l-bayāḍi
- The black is an opposite of the white.
- alike, equal, match, counterpart
- لَيْسَ لَهُ ضِدٌّ فِي ٱجْتِهَادِهِ
- laysa lahu ḍiddun fī jtihādihi
- There is no equivalent to his diligence.
- (semantics) word with two opposite meanings; auto-antonym
- antonym
- adversary, opponent
- antitoxin, antidote, anti-
Declension edit
Declension of noun ضِدّ (ḍidd)
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | ضِدّ ḍidd |
الضِّدّ aḍ-ḍidd |
ضِدّ ḍidd |
| Nominative | ضِدٌّ ḍiddun |
الضِّدُّ aḍ-ḍiddu |
ضِدُّ ḍiddu |
| Accusative | ضِدًّا ḍiddan |
الضِّدَّ aḍ-ḍidda |
ضِدَّ ḍidda |
| Genitive | ضِدٍّ ḍiddin |
الضِّدِّ aḍ-ḍiddi |
ضِدِّ ḍiddi |
| Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
| Informal | ضِدَّيْن ḍiddayn |
الضِّدَّيْن aḍ-ḍiddayn |
ضِدَّيْ ḍidday |
| Nominative | ضِدَّانِ ḍiddāni |
الضِّدَّانِ aḍ-ḍiddāni |
ضِدَّا ḍiddā |
| Accusative | ضِدَّيْنِ ḍiddayni |
الضِّدَّيْنِ aḍ-ḍiddayni |
ضِدَّيْ ḍidday |
| Genitive | ضِدَّيْنِ ḍiddayni |
الضِّدَّيْنِ aḍ-ḍiddayni |
ضِدَّيْ ḍidday |
| Plural | basic broken plural triptote | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | أَضْدَاد ʔaḍdād |
الْأَضْدَاد al-ʔaḍdād |
أَضْدَاد ʔaḍdād |
| Nominative | أَضْدَادٌ ʔaḍdādun |
الْأَضْدَادُ al-ʔaḍdādu |
أَضْدَادُ ʔaḍdādu |
| Accusative | أَضْدَادًا ʔaḍdādan |
الْأَضْدَادَ al-ʔaḍdāda |
أَضْدَادَ ʔaḍdāda |
| Genitive | أَضْدَادٍ ʔaḍdādin |
الْأَضْدَادِ al-ʔaḍdādi |
أَضْدَادِ ʔaḍdādi |
Descendants edit
- → Azerbaijani: zidd
- → Crimean Tatar: zıt
- → Karaim: зыт
- → Krymchak: зыт
- → Ottoman Turkish: ضد (żıd, żıt)
- > Turkish: zıt (inherited)
- → Tatar: зыт (zıt)
- → Uyghur: زىت (zit)
- → Uzbek: zid
Pronunciation 2 edit
Preposition edit
ضِدَّ • (ḍidda)
Inflection edit
| Inflected forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base form | ضِدَّ (ḍidda) | ||||
| Personal-pronoun- including forms |
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
| Masculine | Feminine | Common | Masculine | Feminine | |
| First person | ضِدِّي (ḍiddī) | ضِدَّنَا (ḍiddanā) | |||
| Second person | ضِدَّكَ (ḍiddaka) | ضِدَّكِ (ḍiddaki) | ضِدَّكُمَا (ḍiddakumā) | ضِدَّكُمْ (ḍiddakum) | ضِدَّكُنَّ (ḍiddakunna) |
| Third person | ضِدَّهُ (ḍiddahu) | ضِدَّهَا (ḍiddahā) | ضِدَّهُمَا (ḍiddahumā) | ضِدَّهُمْ (ḍiddahum) | ضِدَّهُنَّ (ḍiddahunna) |
Moroccan Arabic edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Noun edit
ضد • (ḍadd) m (plural ضدود (ḍdūd) or ضدودة (ḍdūda))
Etymology 2 edit
Preposition edit
ضد • (ḍadd)
Inflection edit
| Inflected forms of ضد | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base form | ضد (ḍadd) | ||||
| Personal-pronoun- including forms |
singular | plural | |||
| m | f | ||||
| 1st person | ضدي (ḍaddi) | ضدنا (ḍaddna) | |||
| 2nd person | ضدك (ḍaddak) | ضدكي (ḍaddki) | ضدكم (ḍaddkum) | ||
| 3rd person | ضده (ḍaddu) | ضدها (ḍaddha) | ضدهم (ḍaddhum) | ||
Persian edit
Etymology 1 edit
Borrowed from Arabic ضِدّ (ḍidd).
Pronunciation edit
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [zið]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [zed̪̥]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [zid̪]
| Readings | |
|---|---|
| Classical reading? | ziḏ |
| Dari reading? | zid |
| Iranian reading? | zed |
| Tajik reading? | zid |
Adjective edit
| Dari | ضد |
|---|---|
| Iranian Persian | |
| Tajik | зид, зидд |
ضد • (zedd)
Noun edit
| Dari | ضد |
|---|---|
| Iranian Persian | |
| Tajik | зид, зидд |
ضد • (zedd)
- opposition
- contrary
- c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 3865:
- که ز ضدها ضدها آمد پدید
در سویدا روشنایی آفرید- ki za zedd-hā zedd-hā āmad padīd
dar suwaydā rawšnayī afarīd - For contraries are manifested by means of contraries:
in the black core (of the heart) He (God) created the light (of love).
- ki za zedd-hā zedd-hā āmad padīd
- adversary
Descendants edit
Etymology 2 edit
From ضد (zedd) + ezafe.
Pronunciation edit
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [ˈzið.di]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [zéd̪.d̪e]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [zíd̪.d̪i]
| Readings | |
|---|---|
| Classical reading? | ziḏḏ-i |
| Dari reading? | zidd-i |
| Iranian reading? | zedd-e |
| Tajik reading? | zidd-i |
Preposition edit
| Dari | ضد |
|---|---|
| Iranian Persian | |
| Tajik | зидди |
ضد • (zedd-e)
Prefix edit
| Dari | ضدـ |
|---|---|
| Iranian Persian | |
| Tajik | зидди- |
ضدـ • (zedd-e-)
- anti-, counter-
- ضدـ + آب (âb) → ضدآب (zedd-e-âb, “waterproof”)
- ضدـ + انقلاب (enqelâb) → ضدانقلاب (zedd-e-enqelâb, “counter-revolutionary, counterrevolutionary”)
- ضدـ + تانک (tânk) → ضدتانک (zedd-e-tânk, “anti-tank, antitank”)
- ضدـ + تروریسم (terorism) → ضدتروریسم (zedd-e-terorism, “anti-terrorism, antiterrorism”)
- ضدـ + یخ (yax) → ضدیخ (zedd-e-yax, “anti-freeze, antifreeze”)
Derived terms edit
South Levantine Arabic edit
| Root |
|---|
| ض د د |
| 1 term |
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
ضدّ • (ḍidd)
Urdu edit
Etymology edit
First attested in c. 1665 as Middle Hindi ضد (zid, zidd), borrowed from Classical Persian ضِدّ (zidd), itself from Arabic ضِدّ (ḍidd). Cognate with Punjabi ضِدّ (ẓidd).
Pronunciation edit
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /zɪd̪/
Audio (Pakistan) (file) - Rhymes: -ɪd̪
Adjective edit
ضِد • (zid) (indeclinable, Hindi spelling ज़िद)
- (formal) contrary; opposite
- 1987, آنریبل سیّد امیر علی [Honourable Sayyid Ameer Ali], translated by محمدؐ ہادی حسین [Muhammad Hadi Hussain], رُوحِ اِسْلَام [rūh-i islām, The Spirit of Islam][1], Lahore, pages 16-17:
- موت کے بعد انسان کی تقدیر کے بارے میں بدھ مت کا جو تصور تھا وہ برہمی نظریوں کی عین ضد تھا
- maut ke ba'd insān kī taqdīr ke bāre mẽ budh mat kā jo tasavvar thā vo barhamī nazariyõ kī 'ain zid thā
- The Buddhist concept of the destiny of man after death was completely opposite to Brahmanist theories.
Noun edit
ضِد • (zid) f (Hindi spelling ज़िद)
- stubbornness (connoted with ego; anger)
- 1986, شیخ محمد عبد اللہ [Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah], آتِشِ چِنار [ātiś-i cinār][2], Srinagar, →OCLC, page 514:
- انھوں نے بڑے اصرار کے ساتھ مجھ سے کہا کہ "ضِد چھوڑ دو۔ اِس معمولی بات پر معاملات کو بگڑنے نہ دو۔"
- unhõ ne baṛe isrār ke sāth mujh se kahā ki "zid choṛ do. is ma'mūlī bāt par mu'āmalāt ko bigaṛne na do."
- He insistently told me "Leave this stubbornness of yours. Don't let affairs deteriorate over this trivial matter."
- egotism, selfishness
- opposition, enmity, contrariety
- (semantics) antonym
Declension edit
| Declension of ضد | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| direct | ضِدّ (zidd) | ضِدّیں (ziddẽ) |
| oblique | ضِدّ (zidd) | ضِدّوں (ziddõ) |
| vocative | ضِدّ (zidd) | ضِدّو (ziddo) |
Derived terms edit
Derived terms
- ضِدّی (ziddī, “stubborn”)
- ضِد کَرْنا (zid karnā, “to be stubborn; persistent”)
Further reading edit
- “ضد”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
- “ضد”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.
- Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “ضد”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
- Platts, John T. (1884) “ضد”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co., page 748
- S. W. Fallon (1879) “ضد”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co., page 835
- John Shakespear (1834) “ضد”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC