قلم
Arabic edit
Etymology 1 edit
Root |
---|
ق ل م (q-l-m) |
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
قَلَمَ • (qalama) I, non-past يَقْلِمُ (yaqlimu)
- to cut, to clip, to pare, to prune, to trim, to lop, to truncate, to snip, to cut back, to cut down
- to make stripes, to stripe
- to fleece, to fleece wool
Conjugation edit
verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
قَلْم qalm | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
qālim | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
maqlūm | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | qalamtu |
qalamta |
قَلَمَ qalama |
qalamtumā |
qalamā |
qalamnā |
qalamtum |
qalamū | |||
f | qalamti |
qalamat |
qalamatā |
qalamtunna |
qalamna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔaqlimu |
taqlimu |
yaqlimu |
taqlimāni |
yaqlimāni |
naqlimu |
taqlimūna |
yaqlimūna | |||
f | taqlimīna |
taqlimu |
taqlimāni |
taqlimna |
yaqlimna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔaqlima |
taqlima |
yaqlima |
taqlimā |
yaqlimā |
naqlima |
taqlimū |
yaqlimū | |||
f | taqlimī |
taqlima |
taqlimā |
taqlimna |
yaqlimna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔaqlim |
taqlim |
yaqlim |
taqlimā |
yaqlimā |
naqlim |
taqlimū |
yaqlimū | |||
f | taqlimī |
taqlim |
taqlimā |
taqlimna |
yaqlimna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | iqlim |
iqlimā |
iqlimū |
||||||||
f | iqlimī |
iqlimna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | qulimtu |
qulimta |
قُلِمَ qulima |
qulimtumā |
qulimā |
qulimnā |
qulimtum |
qulimū | |||
f | qulimti |
qulimat |
qulimatā |
qulimtunna |
qulimna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔuqlamu |
tuqlamu |
yuqlamu |
tuqlamāni |
yuqlamāni |
nuqlamu |
tuqlamūna |
yuqlamūna | |||
f | tuqlamīna |
tuqlamu |
tuqlamāni |
tuqlamna |
yuqlamna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔuqlama |
tuqlama |
yuqlama |
tuqlamā |
yuqlamā |
nuqlama |
tuqlamū |
yuqlamū | |||
f | tuqlamī |
tuqlama |
tuqlamā |
tuqlamna |
yuqlamna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔuqlam |
tuqlam |
yuqlam |
tuqlamā |
yuqlamā |
nuqlam |
tuqlamū |
yuqlamū | |||
f | tuqlamī |
tuqlam |
tuqlamā |
tuqlamna |
yuqlamna |
Etymology 2 edit
Intensive form II verb derived from form I verb قَلَمَ (qalama, “to cut”).
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
قَلَّمَ • (qallama) II, non-past يُقَلِّمُ (yuqallimu)
Conjugation edit
verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
taqlīm | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
muqallim | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
muqallam | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | qallamtu |
qallamta |
قَلَّمَ qallama |
qallamtumā |
qallamā |
qallamnā |
qallamtum |
qallamū | |||
f | qallamti |
qallamat |
qallamatā |
qallamtunna |
qallamna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔuqallimu |
tuqallimu |
yuqallimu |
tuqallimāni |
yuqallimāni |
nuqallimu |
tuqallimūna |
yuqallimūna | |||
f | tuqallimīna |
tuqallimu |
tuqallimāni |
tuqallimna |
yuqallimna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔuqallima |
tuqallima |
yuqallima |
tuqallimā |
yuqallimā |
nuqallima |
tuqallimū |
yuqallimū | |||
f | tuqallimī |
tuqallima |
tuqallimā |
tuqallimna |
yuqallimna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔuqallim |
tuqallim |
yuqallim |
tuqallimā |
yuqallimā |
nuqallim |
tuqallimū |
yuqallimū | |||
f | tuqallimī |
tuqallim |
tuqallimā |
tuqallimna |
yuqallimna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | قَلِّمْ qallim |
qallimā |
qallimū |
||||||||
f | qallimī |
qallimna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | qullimtu |
qullimta |
قُلِّمَ qullima |
qullimtumā |
qullimā |
qullimnā |
qullimtum |
qullimū | |||
f | qullimti |
qullimat |
qullimatā |
qullimtunna |
qullimna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔuqallamu |
tuqallamu |
yuqallamu |
tuqallamāni |
yuqallamāni |
nuqallamu |
tuqallamūna |
yuqallamūna | |||
f | tuqallamīna |
tuqallamu |
tuqallamāni |
tuqallamna |
yuqallamna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔuqallama |
tuqallama |
yuqallama |
tuqallamā |
yuqallamā |
nuqallama |
tuqallamū |
yuqallamū | |||
f | tuqallamī |
tuqallama |
tuqallamā |
tuqallamna |
yuqallamna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔuqallam |
tuqallam |
yuqallam |
tuqallamā |
yuqallamā |
nuqallam |
tuqallamū |
yuqallamū | |||
f | tuqallamī |
tuqallam |
tuqallamā |
tuqallamna |
yuqallamna |
References edit
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “قلم”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary[1], London: W.H. Allen
Etymology 3 edit
From Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos, “reed”). Nöldeke and Jeffery are convinced that it comes thence via Ge'ez ቀለም (ḳäläm, “reed”), while Leslau notes that ቀለም (ḳäläm, “reed”) could come from Arabic. But the meaning “reed” – referring to a plant – is not actually attested for the Arabic word, and given the peculiar semantics in Ge'ez where the word ቀለም (ḳäläm) is mixed into the root of ቀለመ (ḳälämä, “to color, to stain, to write”) and as well means “color”, “ink”, “inkstand”, as Leslau separates himself, a Ge'ez origin can explain why in Arabic the meaning is restricted to “pen” in the beginning compared with the Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos) meaning “reed cane” in general.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
قَلَم • (qalam) m (plural أَقْلَام (ʔaqlām))
- pen, reed pen
- pencil
- writing, script, calligraphic style, ductus, handwriting
- style
- office, bureau, agency
- window, counter
- (commerce) item, entry
- stripe, streak, line, bar, stria
Declension edit
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | قَلَم qalam |
الْقَلَم al-qalam |
قَلَم qalam |
Nominative | قَلَمٌ qalamun |
الْقَلَمُ al-qalamu |
قَلَمُ qalamu |
Accusative | قَلَمًا qalaman |
الْقَلَمَ al-qalama |
قَلَمَ qalama |
Genitive | قَلَمٍ qalamin |
الْقَلَمِ al-qalami |
قَلَمِ qalami |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | قَلَمَيْن qalamayn |
الْقَلَمَيْن al-qalamayn |
قَلَمَيْ qalamay |
Nominative | قَلَمَانِ qalamāni |
الْقَلَمَانِ al-qalamāni |
قَلَمَا qalamā |
Accusative | قَلَمَيْنِ qalamayni |
الْقَلَمَيْنِ al-qalamayni |
قَلَمَيْ qalamay |
Genitive | قَلَمَيْنِ qalamayni |
الْقَلَمَيْنِ al-qalamayni |
قَلَمَيْ qalamay |
Plural | basic broken plural triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | أَقْلَام ʔaqlām |
الْأَقْلَام al-ʔaqlām |
أَقْلَام ʔaqlām |
Nominative | أَقْلَامٌ ʔaqlāmun |
الْأَقْلَامُ al-ʔaqlāmu |
أَقْلَامُ ʔaqlāmu |
Accusative | أَقْلَامًا ʔaqlāman |
الْأَقْلَامَ al-ʔaqlāma |
أَقْلَامَ ʔaqlāma |
Genitive | أَقْلَامٍ ʔaqlāmin |
الْأَقْلَامِ al-ʔaqlāmi |
أَقْلَامِ ʔaqlāmi |
Descendants edit
- Gulf Arabic: قلم (qalam)
- Hijazi Arabic: قلم (galam)
- Moroccan Arabic: قلم (qalam)
- → Afar: kálam
- → Azerbaijani: qələm
- → Bashkir: ҡәләм (qələm)
- → Dungan: гэран (geran), гәран (gəran), галан (galan)
- → Dhivehi: ގަލަން (galan̊)
- → Hindustani:
- → Bengali: কলম (kolom)
- → Odia: କଲମ (kôlômô)
- → Kyrgyz: калем (kalem)
- → Kazakh: қалам (qalam)
- → Northern Kurdish: qelem
- → Malay: kalam
- Indonesian: kalam
- → Middle Armenian: ղալամ (ġalam), խալամ (xalam)
- → Old Georgian: კალამი (ḳalami)
- → Ottoman Turkish: قلم (kalem)
- → Persian: قلم (qalam)
- Tajik: қалам (qalam)
- → Punjabi:
- → Sindhi: قلمُ (qalamu)
- → Swahili: kalamu
- → Uyghur: قەلەم (qelem)
- → Zazaki: qeleme
References edit
- Ahrens, Karl (1930) “Christliches im Qoran. Eine Nachlese”, in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft[2] (in German), volume 84, page 24
- Jeffery, Arthur (1938) “قَلَمٌ”, in The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān (Gaekwad’s Oriental Series; 79), Baroda: Oriental Institute, pages 242–243
- Leslau, Wolf (1991) “qalama”, in Comparative Dictionary of Geʿez (Classical Ethiopic), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, pages 428–429
- Löw, Immanuel (1928) Die Flora der Juden[3] (in German), volume 1, Wien und Leipzig: R. Löwit, pages 662–685
- Nöldeke, Theodor (1910) Neue Beiträge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft[4] (in German), Straßburg: Karl J. Trübner, page 50
Etymology 4 edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
قَلْم • (qalm) m
- verbal noun of قَلَمَ (qalama) (form I)
Declension edit
References edit
- Freytag, Georg (1835) “قلم”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum[5] (in Latin), volume 3, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 492
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “قلم”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary[6], London: W.H. Allen, pages 853–854
- Wehr, Hans (1979) “قلم”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 922
Egyptian Arabic edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
Gulf Arabic edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
قَلَم • (qalam) m (before il- قَلَم (qalam), plural اقلام (aqlām))
Hijazi Arabic edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
Munji edit
Noun edit
قلم (qalam)
Ottoman Turkish edit
Alternative forms edit
- գալէմ (kalem) — Armeno-Turkish
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Arabic قَلَم (qalam, “pen, reed pen”), itself from Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos, “reed”).
Noun edit
قلم • (kalem) (plural قلام or اقلام)
- reed, especially when cut and dried for use
- Synonym: خامه (hame)
- (botany) any jointed and hollow stem of a plant
- (botany) any slip or cutting taken from a plant for rooting or grafting
- pen, a tubular tool originally made from reeds used for writing
- Synonym: خامه (hame)
- pencil, a writing utensil with a graphite shaft
- Synonym: خامه (hame)
- stylus or any sharp object similar to a stylus
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
Further reading edit
- Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “kalem”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2352
- Kélékian, Diran (1911) “قلم”, in Dictionnaire turc-français[7], Constantinople: Mihran, page 969
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Calamus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum[8], Vienna, column 134
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “قلم”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum[9], Vienna, column 3751
- Meyer, Gustav (1893) “Türkische Studien. I. Die griechischen und romanischen Bestandtheile im Wortschatze des Osmanisch-Türkischen”, in Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften (in German), volume 128, Wien: In Commission bei F. Tempsky, page 48
- Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “kalem”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
- Redhouse, James W. (1890) “قلم”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon[10], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1472
Persian edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Arabic قَلَم (qalam), from Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos, “reed”).
Pronunciation edit
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [qa.ˈlam]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [qæ.lǽm]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [qä.lǽm]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | qalam |
Dari reading? | qalam |
Iranian reading? | ğalam |
Tajik reading? | qalam |
Noun edit
Dari | قلم |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | қалам |
قَلَم • (qalam) (plural قلمها (qalam-hâ) or اقلام)
Derived terms edit
Noun edit
Punjabi edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Arabic قَلَم (qalam), from Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos, “reed”).
Pronunciation edit
- (Standard Punjabi) IPA(key): /kə.ləmə̆/
Noun edit
قَلَم • (qalam) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਕਲਮ)
Declension edit
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Declension of قلم | ||
---|---|---|
dir. sg. | قلم (qlm) | |
dir. pl. | قلماں (qlmāṉ) | |
singular | plural | |
direct | قلم (qlm) | قلماں (qlmāṉ) |
oblique | قلم (qlm) | قلماں (qlmāṉ) |
vocative | قلمے (qlme) | قلمو (qlmo) |
ablative | قلموں (qlmoṉ) | — |
locative | قلمے (qlme) | قلمِیں (qlmīṉ) |
instrumental | قلمے (qlme) | قلمِیں (qlmīṉ) |
Sindhi edit
Etymology edit
From Classical Persian قلم (qalam), from Arabic قَلَم (qalam), from Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos, “reed”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
South Levantine Arabic edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
- IPA(key): (Ramallah) /ʔa.lam/, [ˈʔa.lam]
- IPA(key): (Gaza) /ɡa.lam/, [ˈɡa.lam]
Audio (Ramallah) (file)
Noun edit
Urdu edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Classical Persian قلم (qalam), from Arabic قَلَم (qalam), from Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos, “reed”).
Pronunciation edit
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /qə.ləm/
Audio (PK) (file) - Rhymes: -əm
Noun edit
قَلَم • (qalam) m or f (Hindi spelling क़लम)
- pen
- (historical) reed pen
- reed
Declension edit
Declension of قلم | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
direct | قلم (qalam) | قلمیں (qalamẽ) |
oblique | قلم (qalam) | قلموں (qalamõ) |
vocative | قلم (qalam) | قلمو (qalamo) |
References edit
Yidgha edit
Noun edit
قلم (qalam)