ऊर्ध्व
Sanskrit
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₃rdʰwo- (“high, upright”). Cognates include Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthos) and Latin arduus. Morphologically formed from verbal root वर्धति (√vṛdh, “to grow, elevate”).
Adjective
ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá)
- rising or tending upwards, raised, elevated, erected, erect, upright, high, above
- RV 1.36.13
- ऊर्ध्व ऊ षु ण ऊतये तिष्ठा देवो न सविता |
- ऊर्ध्वोवाजस्य सनिता यदञ्जिभिर्वाघद्भिर्विह्वयामहे ||
- ūrdhva ū ṣu ṇa ūtaye tiṣṭhā devo na savitā |
- ūrdhvovājasya sanitā yadañjibhirvāghadbhirvihvayāmahe ||
- Stand up erect to lend us aid, stand up like Savitar the God:
- Erect as strength-bestower we call aloud, with unguents and with priests, on thee.
- RV 1.36.13
Declension
Masculine a-stem declension of ऊर्ध्व
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ऊर्ध्वः (ūrdhvaḥ) | ऊर्ध्वौ (ūrdhvau) | ऊर्ध्वाः (ūrdhvāḥ) |
| Vocative | ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhva) | ऊर्ध्वौ (ūrdhvau) | ऊर्ध्वाः (ūrdhvāḥ) |
| Accusative | ऊर्ध्वम् (ūrdhvam) | ऊर्ध्वौ (ūrdhvau) | ऊर्ध्वान् (ūrdhvān) |
| Instrumental | ऊर्ध्वेन (ūrdhvena) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvābhyām) | ऊर्ध्वैः (ūrdhvaiḥ) |
| Dative | ऊर्ध्वाय (ūrdhvāya) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvābhyām) | ऊर्ध्वेभ्यः (ūrdhvebhyaḥ) |
| Ablative | ऊर्ध्वात् (ūrdhvāt) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvābhyām) | ऊर्ध्वेभ्यः (ūrdhvebhyaḥ) |
| Genitive | ऊर्ध्वस्य (ūrdhvasya) | ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhvayoḥ) | ऊर्ध्वानाम् (ūrdhvānām) |
| Locative | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhve) | ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhvayoḥ) | ऊर्ध्वेषु (ūrdhveṣu) |
Feminine ā-stem declension of ऊर्ध्व
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ऊर्ध्वा (ūrdhvā) | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhve) | ऊर्ध्वाः (ūrdhvāḥ) |
| Vocative | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhve) | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhve) | ऊर्ध्वाः (ūrdhvāḥ) |
| Accusative | ऊर्ध्वाम् (ūrdhvām) | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhve) | ऊर्ध्वाः (ūrdhvāḥ) |
| Instrumental | ऊर्ध्वया (ūrdhvayā) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvābhyām) | ऊर्ध्वाभिः (ūrdhvābhiḥ) |
| Dative | ऊर्ध्वायै (ūrdhvāyai) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvābhyām) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्यः (ūrdhvābhyaḥ) |
| Ablative | ऊर्ध्वायाः (ūrdhvāyāḥ) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvābhyām) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्यः (ūrdhvābhyaḥ) |
| Genitive | ऊर्ध्वायाः (ūrdhvāyāḥ) | ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhvayoḥ) | ऊर्ध्वानाम् (ūrdhvānām) |
| Locative | ऊर्ध्वायाम् (ūrdhvāyām) | ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhvayoḥ) | ऊर्ध्वासु (ūrdhvāsu) |
Neuter a-stem declension of ऊर्ध्व
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ऊर्ध्वम् (ūrdhvam) | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhve) | ऊर्ध्वानि (ūrdhvāni) |
| Vocative | ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhva) | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhve) | ऊर्ध्वानि (ūrdhvāni) |
| Accusative | ऊर्ध्वम् (ūrdhvam) | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhve) | ऊर्ध्वानि (ūrdhvāni) |
| Instrumental | ऊर्ध्वेन (ūrdhvena) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvābhyām) | ऊर्ध्वैः (ūrdhvaiḥ) |
| Dative | ऊर्ध्वाय (ūrdhvāya) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvābhyām) | ऊर्ध्वेभ्यः (ūrdhvebhyaḥ) |
| Ablative | ऊर्ध्वात् (ūrdhvāt) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvābhyām) | ऊर्ध्वेभ्यः (ūrdhvebhyaḥ) |
| Genitive | ऊर्ध्वस्य (ūrdhvasya) | ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhvayoḥ) | ऊर्ध्वानाम् (ūrdhvānām) |
| Locative | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhve) | ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhvayoḥ) | ऊर्ध्वेषु (ūrdhveṣu) |
Usage notes
In Classical Sanskrit occurring chiefly in compounds.
Noun
ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá) n
- height, elevation
- anything placed above or higher (+ ablative)
- ऊर्ध्वं (ūrdhvaṃ)-गच्छति (√gam) — to go upwards or into heaven, die
Declension
Neuter a-stem declension of ऊर्ध्व
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ऊर्ध्वम् (ūrdhvam) | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhve) | ऊर्ध्वानि (ūrdhvāni) |
| Vocative | ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhva) | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhve) | ऊर्ध्वानि (ūrdhvāni) |
| Accusative | ऊर्ध्वम् (ūrdhvam) | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhve) | ऊर्ध्वानि (ūrdhvāni) |
| Instrumental | ऊर्ध्वेन (ūrdhvena) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvābhyām) | ऊर्ध्वैः (ūrdhvaiḥ) |
| Dative | ऊर्ध्वाय (ūrdhvāya) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvābhyām) | ऊर्ध्वेभ्यः (ūrdhvebhyaḥ) |
| Ablative | ऊर्ध्वात् (ūrdhvāt) | ऊर्ध्वाभ्याम् (ūrdhvābhyām) | ऊर्ध्वेभ्यः (ūrdhvebhyaḥ) |
| Genitive | ऊर्ध्वस्य (ūrdhvasya) | ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhvayoḥ) | ऊर्ध्वानाम् (ūrdhvānām) |
| Locative | ऊर्ध्वे (ūrdhve) | ऊर्ध्वयोः (ūrdhvayoḥ) | ऊर्ध्वेषु (ūrdhveṣu) |
Preposition
ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá)
- in the sequel, in the later part (e.g. of a book or manuscript; because in Sanskrit manuscripts the later leaves stand above), subsequent, after (with ablative)
- अत ऊर्ध्वम् (ata ūrdhvam), or इत ऊर्ध्वम् (ita ūrdhvam) — hence forward, from that time forward, after that passage, hereafter
- ऊर्ध्वं संवत्सरात् (ūrdhvaṃ saṃvatsarāt) — after a year
- ऊर्ध्वं देहात् (ūrdhvaṃ dehāt), — after life, after death
- after, after the death of (+ ablative)
- ऊर्ध्वं पितुः (ūrdhvaṃ pituḥ) — after the father's death
- in a high tone, aloud