द्राक्षा
Sanskrit edit
Alternative scripts edit
- দ্ৰাক্ষা (Assamese script)
- ᬤ᭄ᬭᬵᬓ᭄ᬱᬵ (Balinese script)
- দ্রাক্ষা (Bengali script)
- 𑰟𑰿𑰨𑰯𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀤𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀸 (Brahmi script)
- ဒြာက္ၑာ (Burmese script)
- દ્રાક્ષા (Gujarati script)
- ਦ੍ਰਾਕ੍ਸ਼ਾ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌦𑍍𑌰𑌾𑌕𑍍𑌷𑌾 (Grantha script)
- ꦢꦿꦴꦏ꧀ꦰꦴ (Javanese script)
- 𑂠𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂍𑂹𑂭𑂰 (Kaithi script)
- ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಾ (Kannada script)
- ទ្រាក្ឞា (Khmer script)
- ທ຺ຣາກ຺ຩາ (Lao script)
- ദ്രാക്ഷാ (Malayalam script)
- ᡩᡵᠠ᠊ᠠᡬᢢᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
- 𑘟𑘿𑘨𑘰𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘰 (Modi script)
- ᢑᠷᠠᢗᢉᢔᠠ᠋ᠠ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦿𑧠𑧈𑧑𑦮𑧠𑧌𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐡𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 (Newa script)
- ଦ୍ରାକ୍ଷା (Odia script)
- ꢣ꣄ꢬꢵꢒ꣄ꢰꢵ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆢𑇀𑆫𑆳𑆑𑇀𑆰𑆳 (Sharada script)
- 𑖟𑖿𑖨𑖯𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖯 (Siddham script)
- ද්රාක්ෂා (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩭 𑪙𑩼𑩛𑩜 𑪙𑪀𑩛 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚛𑚶𑚤𑚭𑚊𑚶𑚭 (Takri script)
- த்³ராக்ஷா (Tamil script)
- ద్రాక్షా (Telugu script)
- ทฺรากฺษา (Thai script)
- དྲཱ་ཀྵཱ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒠𑓂𑒩𑒰𑒏𑓂𑒭𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨛𑩇𑨫𑨊𑨋𑩇𑨯𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology edit
Of unclear origin.
Due to similar forms denoting various berry-type fruits found in various Indo-European branches, the word is traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-Aryan *dráHgẓʰaH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰráHȷ́žʰaH, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰréh₂ǵ-seh₂ (“grape, vine”), from *dʰreh₂ǵ- (“berry”). Said similar words include Latin frāgum (“strawberry”), Albanian dredhëz (“strawberry”), Ancient Greek τρῠ́ξ (trúx, “unfermented wine”), Proto-Slavic *dẽrnъ (“blackthorn, cornel”), and Old Irish derc (“berry”);[1] compare also the Nuristani forms Ashkun drás (“grape”), Kamkata-viri drós (“grape”), Prasuni rásik (“grape”), Tregami drás (“grape”), Waigali dras (“grape”), which seem to be from a preform *dʰraHsáH.
However, Mayrhofer notes that the variance of the word's secondary forms in Indo-Aryan, like *द्रक्षा (drakṣā) and ध्राक्षा (dhrākṣā), as well as the word's lack of attestation in Vedic texts, suggest a borrowing from some foreign source rather than inheritance from Indo-Aryan. The exact language of borrowing is unclear, and usually taken to be Iranian, Greek (which Mayrhofer seems to favor), or some unknown language of Asia Minor. In this case, the word may be a Wanderwort, spreading to some or all of the supposed cognates via contact rather than inheritance (or the word was inherited in some branches but not Indo-Iranian, where it was borrowed instead).[2][3]
An alternative theory by Oberlies takes the word as a re-Sanskritization of a hypothetical Middle Indic *दच्छा (dacchā), itself from द्रप्स (drapsa, “drop”). This proposal is formally and semantically unconvincing, and has not been elaborated on further.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
द्राक्षा • (drā́kṣā) stem, f
Declension edit
| Feminine ā-stem declension of द्राक्षा (drā́kṣā) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | द्राक्षा drā́kṣā |
द्राक्षे drā́kṣe |
द्राक्षाः drā́kṣāḥ |
| Vocative | द्राक्षे drā́kṣe |
द्राक्षे drā́kṣe |
द्राक्षाः drā́kṣāḥ |
| Accusative | द्राक्षाम् drā́kṣām |
द्राक्षे drā́kṣe |
द्राक्षाः drā́kṣāḥ |
| Instrumental | द्राक्षया / द्राक्षा¹ drā́kṣayā / drā́kṣā¹ |
द्राक्षाभ्याम् drā́kṣābhyām |
द्राक्षाभिः drā́kṣābhiḥ |
| Dative | द्राक्षायै drā́kṣāyai |
द्राक्षाभ्याम् drā́kṣābhyām |
द्राक्षाभ्यः drā́kṣābhyaḥ |
| Ablative | द्राक्षायाः / द्राक्षायै² drā́kṣāyāḥ / drā́kṣāyai² |
द्राक्षाभ्याम् drā́kṣābhyām |
द्राक्षाभ्यः drā́kṣābhyaḥ |
| Genitive | द्राक्षायाः / द्राक्षायै² drā́kṣāyāḥ / drā́kṣāyai² |
द्राक्षयोः drā́kṣayoḥ |
द्राक्षाणाम् drā́kṣāṇām |
| Locative | द्राक्षायाम् drā́kṣāyām |
द्राक्षयोः drā́kṣayoḥ |
द्राक्षासु drā́kṣāsu |
| Notes |
| ||
Descendants edit
- Hindi: दाख (dākh)
- → Bengali: দ্রাক্ষা (drakkha)
- Urdu: داكھ
- Kalasha: drač̣ (“grapes”)
- Khowar: دروݯ (“droč̣”)
- Punjabi: ਦਾਖ (dākh)
- Phalura: dhráac̣
- Romani: drakh
- → Gujarati: દ્રાક્ષ (drākṣ)
- → Marathi: द्राक्ष (drākṣa)
- → Tamil: தாச்சா (tāccā), திராட்சை (tirāṭcai)
- → Telugu: ద్రాక్ష (drākṣa)
- Sindhi: दाख (dākha)
References edit
- Monier Williams (1899) “द्राक्षा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 501/3.
- ^ MacBain, Alexander, Mackay, Eneas (1911) “dearc”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language[1], Stirling, →ISBN, page 126
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][2] (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 272
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 75