रूढ

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• ৰূঢ (Assamese script)
• ᬭᬹᬠ (Balinese script)
• রূঢ (Bengali script)
• 𑰨𑰳𑰛 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀭𑀽𑀠 (Brahmi script)
• ရူဎ (Burmese script)
• રૂઢ (Gujarati script)
• ਰੂਢ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌰𑍂𑌢 (Grantha script)
• ꦫꦹꦞ (Javanese script)
• 𑂩𑂴𑂛 (Kaithi script)
• ರೂಢ (Kannada script)
• រូឍ (Khmer script)
• ຣູຒ (Lao script)
• രൂഢ (Malayalam script)
• ᡵᡠᡠᢟᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘨𑘴𑘛 (Modi script)
• ᠷᠤᠤᢎᠾᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧈𑧕𑦻 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐬𑐹𑐝 (Newa script)
• ରୂଢ (Odia script)
• ꢬꢹꢟ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆫𑆷𑆞 (Sharada script)
• 𑖨𑗝𑖛 (Siddham script)
• රූඪ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩼𑩒𑩛𑩩 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚤𑚱𑚗 (Takri script)
• ரூட⁴ (Tamil script)
• రూఢ (Telugu script)
• รูฒ (Thai script)
• རཱུ་ཌྷ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒩𑒴𑒜 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨫𑨃𑨊𑨗 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

An Old Indo-Aryan continuation of *ruẓḍʰá, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrudᶻdʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ludʰ-tó-s, from *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow”). The retraction of the sibilant was triggered by the application of the RUKI sound law to Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrudᶻdʰás in the Old Indo-Aryan stage. Cognate with Avestan 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬀 (uruzda, “grown”).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɾuː.ɖʱɐ́/
• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈɾuː.ɖʱɐ/

Adjective

रूढ • (rūḍhá) stem

1. grown, sprung up, arisen, ascended
   • c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) 6.42.2:

     वनस्पतीनां प्रतिष्ठितो यः समे भूम्यै स्वाद्योने रूढः प्रत्येव तिष्ठति

     vanaspatīnāṃ pratiṣṭhito yaḥ same bhūmyai svādyone rūḍhaḥ pratyeva tiṣṭhati

     Among trees, that tree is well supported which has grown from its own birthplace on level ground and is firm.

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of रूढ (rūḍhá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	रूढः rūḍháḥ	रूढौ / रूढा¹ rūḍhaú / rūḍhā́¹	रूढाः / रूढासः¹ rūḍhā́ḥ / rūḍhā́saḥ¹
Vocative	रूढ rū́ḍha	रूढौ / रूढा¹ rū́ḍhau / rū́ḍhā¹	रूढाः / रूढासः¹ rū́ḍhāḥ / rū́ḍhāsaḥ¹
Accusative	रूढम् rūḍhám	रूढौ / रूढा¹ rūḍhaú / rūḍhā́¹	रूढान् rūḍhā́n
Instrumental	रूढेन rūḍhéna	रूढाभ्याम् rūḍhā́bhyām	रूढैः / रूढेभिः¹ rūḍhaíḥ / rūḍhébhiḥ¹
Dative	रूढाय rūḍhā́ya	रूढाभ्याम् rūḍhā́bhyām	रूढेभ्यः rūḍhébhyaḥ
Ablative	रूढात् rūḍhā́t	रूढाभ्याम् rūḍhā́bhyām	रूढेभ्यः rūḍhébhyaḥ
Genitive	रूढस्य rūḍhásya	रूढयोः rūḍháyoḥ	रूढानाम् rūḍhā́nām
Locative	रूढे rūḍhé	रूढयोः rūḍháyoḥ	रूढेषु rūḍhéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of रूढा (rūḍhā́)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	रूढा rūḍhā́	रूढे rūḍhé	रूढाः rūḍhā́ḥ
Vocative	रूढे rū́ḍhe	रूढे rū́ḍhe	रूढाः rū́ḍhāḥ
Accusative	रूढाम् rūḍhā́m	रूढे rūḍhé	रूढाः rūḍhā́ḥ
Instrumental	रूढया / रूढा¹ rūḍháyā / rūḍhā́¹	रूढाभ्याम् rūḍhā́bhyām	रूढाभिः rūḍhā́bhiḥ
Dative	रूढायै rūḍhā́yai	रूढाभ्याम् rūḍhā́bhyām	रूढाभ्यः rūḍhā́bhyaḥ
Ablative	रूढायाः / रूढायै² rūḍhā́yāḥ / rūḍhā́yai²	रूढाभ्याम् rūḍhā́bhyām	रूढाभ्यः rūḍhā́bhyaḥ
Genitive	रूढायाः / रूढायै² rūḍhā́yāḥ / rūḍhā́yai²	रूढयोः rūḍháyoḥ	रूढानाम् rūḍhā́nām
Locative	रूढायाम् rūḍhā́yām	रूढयोः rūḍháyoḥ	रूढासु rūḍhā́su
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of रूढ (rūḍhá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	रूढम् rūḍhám	रूढे rūḍhé	रूढानि / रूढा¹ rūḍhā́ni / rūḍhā́¹
Vocative	रूढ rū́ḍha	रूढे rū́ḍhe	रूढानि / रूढा¹ rū́ḍhāni / rū́ḍhā¹
Accusative	रूढम् rūḍhám	रूढे rūḍhé	रूढानि / रूढा¹ rūḍhā́ni / rūḍhā́¹
Instrumental	रूढेन rūḍhéna	रूढाभ्याम् rūḍhā́bhyām	रूढैः / रूढेभिः¹ rūḍhaíḥ / rūḍhébhiḥ¹
Dative	रूढाय rūḍhā́ya	रूढाभ्याम् rūḍhā́bhyām	रूढेभ्यः rūḍhébhyaḥ
Ablative	रूढात् rūḍhā́t	रूढाभ्याम् rūḍhā́bhyām	रूढेभ्यः rūḍhébhyaḥ
Genitive	रूढस्य rūḍhásya	रूढयोः rūḍháyoḥ	रूढानाम् rūḍhā́nām
Locative	रूढे rūḍhé	रूढयोः rūḍháyoḥ	रूढेषु rūḍhéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

• Pali: rūḷha
• Prakrit: 𑀭𑀽𑀠 (rūḍha)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “रूढ”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0885.