हस्
Sanskrit edit
Alternative scripts edit
Alternative scripts
- হস্ (Assamese script)
- ᬳᬲ᭄ (Balinese script)
- হস্ (Bengali script)
- 𑰮𑰭𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀳𑀲𑁆 (Brahmi script)
- ဟသ် (Burmese script)
- હસ્ (Gujarati script)
- ਹਸ੍ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌹𑌸𑍍 (Grantha script)
- ꦲꦱ꧀ (Javanese script)
- 𑂯𑂮𑂹 (Kaithi script)
- ಹಸ್ (Kannada script)
- ហស៑ (Khmer script)
- ຫສ຺ (Lao script)
- ഹസ് (Malayalam script)
- ᡥᠠᠰ᠌ (Manchu script)
- 𑘮𑘭𑘿 (Modi script)
- ᠾᠠᠰ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧎𑧍𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐴𑐳𑑂 (Newa script)
- ହସ୍ (Odia script)
- ꢲꢱ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆲𑆱𑇀 (Sharada script)
- 𑖮𑖭𑖿 (Siddham script)
- හස් (Sinhalese script)
- 𑪂𑪁 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚩𑚨𑚶 (Takri script)
- ஹஸ் (Tamil script)
- హస్ (Telugu script)
- หสฺ (Thai script)
- ཧ་ས྄ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒯𑒮𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨱𑨰𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology edit
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰas- (“to laugh”). Compare the reduplicated root जक्ष् (jakṣ). There is a wide variety of variation in Indo-Aryan forms, as well as in a possible connection to Iranian. An attempt is made to explain their development below. The best way to formally reconcile these varied forms is to reconstruct Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰʰas-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰes-.[1][2] This root's descendants have only been found in Indo-Iranian, and it may have origins as a natural exclamation, though this is difficult to prove.[3]
- Sanskrit जाहस्यते (jāhasyate, intensive): Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰā́-źʰas-ya-tay → *źā́źʰasyatay well described by Grassmann's law. This offers initial evidence for the initial consonant of the root being *źʰ.
- Vedic Sanskrit जक्षतः (jákṣataḥ, masculine plural present participle), Pali jagghati (reduplicated thematic present):
- PIE: *gʰé-gʰz-o-
- → pre-PII: *ǰʰágʰza-
- → PII: *ǰʰágžʰa- (assimilation of aspiration; may have occurred earlier)
- → PIA: *źʰágẓʰa- (TST assimilation)
- → OIA: *źágẓʰa- (Grassman's law)
- → Vedic: जक्ष- (jákṣa-); MIA: jaggha-
- Vedic Sanskrit जज्झतीः (jájjhatīḥ, feminine plural present participle), a dialectal form in the Rigveda, albeit formally cognate with जक्षतः (jákṣataḥ), is difficult to fit into this paradigm. Perhaps metathesis can explain it.
- PIE: *gʰé-zgʰ-o-
- → pre-PII: *ǰʰázǵʰa-
- → PII: *ǰʰázȷ́ʰa-
- → PIA: *źʰáźȷ́ʰa-
- → OIA: *źáźȷ́ʰa-
- → Vedic: *जज्झ- (jájjha-)
- Avestan 𐬘𐬀𐬵𐬌𐬐𐬁 (jahikā, “prostitute”), 𐬘𐬀𐬵𐬍 (jahī) is often tied to this root,[1] given the similar Sanskrit हस्रा (hasrā́, “prostitute”) from this root. This is not uncontroversial.[4] Tentatively, it is possible that this is a feminine diminutive nominal Proto-Iranian *ǰahikā, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰʰas-ikā.
- Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬒𐬌𐬌𐬀 (zax́iia) has been interpreted to mean "laughable" and is mentioned as the formal cognate of हास्य (hāsya)[5] but this interpretation is uncertain.[6] Moreover, there are formal problems as 𐬰𐬀𐬒𐬌𐬌𐬀 (zax́iia) reflects a Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰas- from a Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰes-.
Pronunciation edit
Root edit
हस् • (has)
Derived terms edit
References edit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “has”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g(u̯)hes-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 199
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1976) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 587-588
- ^ Jean Kellens (2013) “Jahikā et le Vocabulaire Daivique”, in Gifts to a Magus. Indo-Iranian Studies honoring Firoze Kotwal[1], New York, pages 123-127
- ^ Kanga, Kavasji Edalji (1909) “Laughable”, in An English–Avesta Dictionary[2], Bombay: The Fort Printing Press, →OCLC, page 302
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “HAS1”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][3] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 812