Egyptian
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Etymology
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Likely from earlier sḏwj (“to slander”) by metathesis.
Pronunciation
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3-lit.
- (transitive) to falsely speak ill of someone (+ n: to (a person of authority)); to malign, to slander, to tell on [Middle Kingdom]
Inflection
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The exact conjugation class is uncertain; the verb may potentially also have a weak ending, as in the unmetathesized form.
Conjugation of ḏws (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ḏws, geminated stem: ḏwss
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
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| infinitive
|
negatival complement
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complementary infinitive1
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singular
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plural
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ḏws
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ḏwsw, ḏws
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ḏwst
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ḏws
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ḏws
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| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
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| stative stem
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periphrastic imperfective2
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periphrastic prospective2
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ḏws
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ḥr ḏws
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m ḏws
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r ḏws
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| suffix conjugation
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| aspect / mood
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active
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passive
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contingent
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| aspect / mood
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active
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passive
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| perfect
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ḏws.n
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ḏwsw, ḏws
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consecutive
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ḏws.jn
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| terminative
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ḏwst
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| perfective3
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ḏws
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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obligative1
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ḏws.ḫr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| imperfective
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ḏws
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| prospective3
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ḏws
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ḏwss
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potentialis1
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ḏws.kꜣ
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| subjunctive
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ḏws
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| verbal adjectives
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| aspect / mood
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relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
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participles
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| active
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passive
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active
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passive
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| perfect
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ḏws.n
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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—
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—
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| perfective
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ḏws
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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ḏws
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ḏws, ḏwsw5, ḏwsy5
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| imperfective
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ḏws, ḏwsy, ḏwsw5
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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ḏws, ḏwsj6, ḏwsy6
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ḏws, ḏwsw5
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| prospective
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ḏws, ḏwstj7
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—
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ḏwstj4, ḏwst4
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- Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
- Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
- Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
- Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
- Only in the masculine singular.
- Only in the masculine.
- Only in the feminine.
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Alternative forms
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḏws
References
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- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1931) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[1], volume 5, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 552.6
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 316
- Fecht, Gerhard (1974) “Die Königs-Insignien mit s-Suffix (1. Teil)” in Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, volume 1, page 189
