ὑπάρχω

See also: υπάρχω

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From ῠ̔πο- (hupo-, “under”) +‎ ᾰ̓́ρχω (árkhō, “to begin”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /hy.pár.kʰɔː/ → /yˈpar.xo/ → /iˈpar.xo/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hy.pár.kʰɔː/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /(h)yˈpar.kʰo/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /yˈpar.xo/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /yˈpar.xo/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈpar.xo/

Verb

ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχω • (hupárkhō)

1. to begin, make a beginning, take initiative, be first
   1. (transitive) to make a beginning of, begin
      1. (with genitive)
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.5
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.1
         • 408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 1581
         • 425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 74
         • 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, Collected Works 18.34
         • 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 1.20
         • 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 4.34
      2. (with accusative)
         • 343 BCE, Demosthenes, On the False Embassy 280
         • 342 BCE – 290 BCE, Menander, Unknown Work 236
         • 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Collected Works 42.23
         • 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Defence against a Charge of Taking Bribes 25
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.93
   2. (intransitive) be the beginner, be first, do without provocation
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 24.286
      • 408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 1223
      • 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 356A
      • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Timocrates 18
      • 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, 169 44
      • 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 456E
      • 342 BCE – 290 BCE, Menander, The Woman From Olynthos 2
      • 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 41C
      • 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 12.41
      1. to do something first
         1. (with participle)
            • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.8B:

              οὐ πρότερον παύσομαι πρὶν ἢ ἕλω τε καὶ πυρώσω τὰς Ἀθήνας, οἵ γε ἐμὲ καὶ πατέρα τὸν ἐμὸν ὑπῆρξαν ἄδικα ποιεῦντες.

              ou próteron paúsomai prìn ḕ hélō te kaì purṓsō tàs Athḗnas, hoí ge emè kaì patéra tòn emòn hupêrxan ádika poieûntes.

              I will never stop until I have taken and burnt Athens, because they have wronged me and my father unprovoked.

            • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.133
            • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.3.23
            • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 5.5.9
         2. (Koine, middle voice, with infinitive)
            • 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 14.11
   3. (passive voice)
      • 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Collected Works 31.31
      • 349 BCE, Demosthenes, First Olynthiac 10
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.11
      • 425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 1159
      • 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Collected Works 136.13
      • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 8.14.4
2. (only in active)
   1. to begin to be, to come into being, arise, spring up
      • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 1068
      • 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 704
      1. to be in existence, to be there, to be ready
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.144
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.15
         • 446 BCE – 411 BCE, Eupolis, The Golden Race 3
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Agesilaus 8.1
         • 349 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac 15
         • 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Collected Works 136.22
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.9
         • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 961
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.5.5
         • 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 8A
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.92
         • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Lacritus 12
         • 330 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Crown 295
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 6.4.4
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.124
      2. to really exist
         • 350 BCE, Aristotle, On the Heavens 2.14.17
         • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Metaphysics 8.2.3
         • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption 1.2.10
      3. to be
         • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1656
         • 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 932
         • 424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 1229
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.4
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Oeconomicus 21.11
         • 362 BCE – 262 BCE, Philemon, Unknown Work 15
         • 349 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac 19
         • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 919
      4. (with a participle)
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.192
         • 361 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Midias 38
         • 349 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac 7
      5. to be the descendant of
         • 60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 2.65
   2. to be laid down, to be taken for granted
      • 385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 198D
      • 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 30C
      • 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 29A
      • 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 458A
   3. to belong to, fall to, accrue
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.109
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.64
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.86
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.45
      • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Philebus 58C
      1. (of persons) to be devoted
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.1.4
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 7.5.5
         • 343 BCE, Demosthenes, On the False Embassy 54
      2. (in the logic of Aristotle, denotes the subsistence of qualities in a subject, whether propria or accidentia)
         • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Metaphysics 4.30.1
         • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Prior Analytics 1.2.1
         • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Prior Analytics 1.1.3
         • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, On Interpretation 3.2
         • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, On Interpretation 2.3
         • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Topics 2.1.3
   4. (in neuter plural participle, τὰ ὑπάρχοντα)
      1. existing circumstances, present advantages
         • 349 BCE, Demosthenes, Second Olynthiac 2
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.18
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.31
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 6.4.9
         • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Politics 4.1.4
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.76
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.1
      2. what belongs to one, one's possessions
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.70
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.144
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.141
         • 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 38E
         • 70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 24:47
   5. (impersonal, with infinitive and accusative) the fact is that
      • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1340
      • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 3.7.12
      • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 2.1.38
      1. it is allowed, it is possible
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.63
         • 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, Collected Works 22.13
         • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 81A
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.82
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.109
      2. (in neuter participle) since it is allowed you to
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.124, (compare Plato, Symposium 217A)
3. to be ὕπαρχος (húparkhos, “lieutenant”)
   • 155 CE – 235 CE, Cassius Dio, Collected Works 36.19
   • 155 CE – 235 CE, Cassius Dio, Collected Works 71.34

Inflection

   Present: ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχω, ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχομαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχω	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχεις	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχει	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχετον	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχετον	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχομεν	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχετε	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχουσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχω	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχῃς	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχῃ	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχητον	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχητον	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχωμεν	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχητε	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχοιμῐ	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχοις	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχοι	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχοιτον	ῠ̔πᾰρχοίτην	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχοιμεν	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχοιτε	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχοιεν
	imperative		ῠ̔́πᾰρχε	ῠ̔πᾰρχέτω	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχετον	ῠ̔πᾰρχέτων		ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχετε	ῠ̔πᾰρχόντων
middle/ passive	indicative	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχομαι	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχῃ, ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχει	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχεται	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχεσθον	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχεσθον	ῠ̔πᾰρχόμεθᾰ	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχεσθε	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχονται
	subjunctive	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχωμαι	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχῃ	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχηται	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχησθον	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχησθον	ῠ̔πᾰρχώμεθᾰ	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχησθε	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχωνται
	optative	ῠ̔πᾰρχοίμην	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχοιο	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχοιτο	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχοισθον	ῠ̔πᾰρχοίσθην	ῠ̔πᾰρχοίμεθᾰ	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχοισθε	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχοιντο
	imperative		ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχου	ῠ̔πᾰρχέσθω	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχεσθον	ῠ̔πᾰρχέσθων		ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχεσθε	ῠ̔πᾰρχέσθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχειν				ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχεσθαι
participle	m	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχων				ῠ̔πᾰρχόμενος
	f	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχουσᾰ				ῠ̔πᾰρχομένη
	n	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχον				ῠ̔πᾰρχόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Imperfect: ῠ̔πῆρχον, ῠ̔πηρχόμην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ῠ̔πῆρχον	ῠ̔πῆρχες	ῠ̔πῆρχε(ν)	ῠ̔πήρχετον	ῠ̔πηρχέτην	ῠ̔πήρχομεν	ῠ̔πήρχετε	ῠ̔πῆρχον
middle/ passive	indicative	ῠ̔πηρχόμην	ῠ̔πήρχου	ῠ̔πήρχετο	ῠ̔πήρχεσθον	ῠ̔πηρχέσθην	ῠ̔πηρχόμεθᾰ	ῠ̔πήρχεσθε	ῠ̔πήρχοντο
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Future: ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξω, ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξομαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξω	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξεις	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξει	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξετον	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξετον	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξομεν	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξετε	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξουσῐ(ν)
	optative	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξοιμῐ	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξοις	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξοι	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξοιτον	ῠ̔πᾰρξοίτην	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξοιμεν	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξοιτε	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξοιεν
middle	indicative	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξομαι	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξῃ, ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξει	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξεται	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξεσθον	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξεσθον	ῠ̔πᾰρξόμεθᾰ	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξεσθε	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξονται
	optative	ῠ̔πᾰρξοίμην	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξοιο	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξοιτο	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξοισθον	ῠ̔πᾰρξοίσθην	ῠ̔πᾰρξοίμεθᾰ	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξοισθε	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξοιντο
		active			middle
infinitive		ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξειν			ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξεσθαι
participle	m	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξων			ῠ̔πᾰρξόμενος
	f	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξουσᾰ			ῠ̔πᾰρξομένη
	n	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξον			ῠ̔πᾰρξόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Aorist: ῠ̔πῆρξᾰ, ῠ̔πηρξᾰ́μην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ῠ̔πῆρξᾰ	ῠ̔πῆρξᾰς	ῠ̔πῆρξε(ν)	ῠ̔πήρξᾰτον	ῠ̔πηρξᾰ́την	ῠ̔πήρξᾰμεν	ῠ̔πήρξᾰτε	ῠ̔πῆρξᾰν
	subjunctive	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξω	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξῃς	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξῃ	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξητον	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξητον	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξωμεν	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξητε	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξαιμῐ	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξειᾰς, ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξαις	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξειε(ν), ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξαι	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξαιτον	ῠ̔πᾰρξαίτην	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξαιμεν	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξαιτε	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξειᾰν, ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξαιεν
	imperative		ῠ̔́πᾰρξον	ῠ̔πᾰρξᾰ́τω	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξᾰτον	ῠ̔πᾰρξᾰ́των		ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξᾰτε	ῠ̔πᾰρξᾰ́ντων
middle	indicative	ῠ̔πηρξᾰ́μην	ῠ̔πήρξω	ῠ̔πήρξᾰτο	ῠ̔πήρξᾰσθον	ῠ̔πηρξᾰ́σθην	ῠ̔πηρξᾰ́μεθᾰ	ῠ̔πήρξᾰσθε	ῠ̔πήρξᾰντο
	subjunctive	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξωμαι	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξῃ	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξηται	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξησθον	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξησθον	ῠ̔πᾰρξώμεθᾰ	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξησθε	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξωνται
	optative	ῠ̔πᾰρξαίμην	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξαιο	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξαιτο	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξαισθον	ῠ̔πᾰρξαίσθην	ῠ̔πᾰρξαίμεθᾰ	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξαισθε	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξαιντο
	imperative		ῠ̔́πᾰρξαι	ῠ̔πᾰρξᾰ́σθω	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξᾰσθον	ῠ̔πᾰρξᾰ́σθων		ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξᾰσθε	ῠ̔πᾰρξᾰ́σθων
		active			middle
infinitive		ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξαι			ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξᾰσθαι
participle	m	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξᾱς			ῠ̔πᾰρξᾰ́μενος
	f	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξᾱσᾰ			ῠ̔πᾰρξᾰμένη
	n	ῠ̔πᾰ́ρξᾰν			ῠ̔πᾰρξᾰ́μενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Perfect: ῠ̔́πηργμαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
middle/ passive	indicative	ῠ̔́πηργμαι	ῠ̔́πηρξαι	ῠ̔́πηρκται	ῠ̔́πηρχθον	ῠ̔́πηρχθον	ῠ̔πήργμεθᾰ	ῠ̔́πηρχθε	ῠ̔πήρχᾰται
	subjunctive	ῠ̔πηργμένος ὦ	ῠ̔πηργμένος ᾖς	ῠ̔πηργμένος ᾖ	ῠ̔πηργμένω ἦτον	ῠ̔πηργμένω ἦτον	ῠ̔πηργμένοι ὦμεν	ῠ̔πηργμένοι ἦτε	ῠ̔πηργμένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
	optative	ῠ̔πηργμένος εἴην	ῠ̔πηργμένος εἴης	ῠ̔πηργμένος εἴη	ῠ̔πηργμένω εἴητον/εἶτον	ῠ̔πηργμένω εἰήτην/εἴτην	ῠ̔πηργμένοι εἴημεν/εἶμεν	ῠ̔πηργμένοι εἴητε/εἶτε	ῠ̔πηργμένοι εἴησᾰν/εἶεν
	imperative		ῠ̔́πηρξο	ῠ̔πήρχθω	ῠ̔́πηρχθον	ῠ̔πήρχθων		ῠ̔́πηρχθε	ῠ̔πήρχθων
						middle/passive
infinitive						ῠ̔πῆρχθαι
participle	m					ῠ̔πηργμένος
	f					ῠ̔πηργμένη
	n					ῠ̔πηργμένον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Descendants

• Greek: υπάρχω (ypárcho)

References

• “ὑπάρχω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ὑπάρχω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “ὑπάρχω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• ὑπάρχω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• ὑπάρχω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “ὑπάρχω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• G5225 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible