何
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Translingual edit
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Han character edit
何 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 人一弓口 (OMNR), four-corner 21220, composition ⿰亻可)
Derived characters edit
References edit
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 98, character 15
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 511
- Dae Jaweon: page 208, character 5
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 130, character 4
- Unihan data for U+4F55
Chinese edit
| simp. and trad. |
何 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | ⿰彳可 | |
Glyph origin edit
| Historical forms of the character 何 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 砢 | *ɡ·raːlʔ |
| 柯 | *kaːl |
| 菏 | *kaːl, *ɡaːl |
| 牁 | *kaːl |
| 滒 | *kaːl |
| 哥 | *kaːl |
| 歌 | *kaːl |
| 謌 | *kaːl |
| 鴚 | *kaːl |
| 哿 | *kaːlʔ |
| 舸 | *kaːlʔ |
| 笴 | *kaːlʔ, *kaːnʔ |
| 軻 | *kʰaːl, *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls |
| 珂 | *kʰaːl |
| 可 | *kʰaːlʔ |
| 岢 | *kʰaːlʔ |
| 坷 | *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls |
| 蚵 | *kʰaːls, *ɡaːl |
| 呵 | *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls |
| 訶 | *qʰaːl |
| 抲 | *qʰaːl |
| 荷 | *qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ |
| 何 | *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ |
| 河 | *ɡaːl |
| 苛 | *ɡaːl |
| 魺 | *ɡaːl |
| 袔 | *ɡaːls |
| 阿 | *qaːl |
| 妸 | *qaːl, *qaːlʔ |
| 疴 | *qaːl, *kʰraːls |
| 鈳 | *qaːl |
| 娿 | *qaːl, *qaːlʔ |
| 痾 | *qaːl |
| 跒 | *kʰraːlʔ |
| 閜 | *qʰraːlʔ |
In the oracle bone script, a pictogram (象形) : a man carrying something on their shoulder – the original form of 荷 (OC *ɡaːlʔ, “to carry”).
The object being carried may have been 戈 (gē), in which case the character is also an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 戈 (OC *koːl, “dagger-axe”).
In the bronze inscriptions, some forms of the character were phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ), from which the modern form derives.
Etymology edit
Cognate with the following interrogative pronouns:
- 胡 (OC *ɡaː, “what; why”)
- 奚 (OC *ɡeː, “what; why; where”)
- 曷 (OC *ɡaːd, “why”)
- 盍 (OC *ɡaːb, “why not”): from the fusion of 何不 (OC *ɡaːl pɯ, “why not”)
In Sino-Tibetan, cognate with Tibetan ག་ན (ga na, “where; how”), Tibetan ག་རུ (ga ru, “to where”) (Schuessler, 2007).
STEDT, on the other hand, compares 何 (OC *ɡaːlʔ) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ka (“which; like; deictic; interrogative”), to which 幾 (OC *kɯlʔ, “how many”) and 豈 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ, “how”) are also compared.
Pronunciation 1 edit
Definitions edit
何
- (literary, interrogative pronoun asking for the specification of an identity, quantity, quality, etc. of something) what; which
- 大王來何操？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Dàwáng lái hé cāo? [Pinyin]
- Your Majesty, what did you bring along?
大王来何操？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) where; what place
- (literary, interrogative pronoun asking for reason, manner, etc. of an action) why; how
- 亦何憂令名不彰邪？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Liu Yiqing (editor), A New Account of the Tales of the World, 5th century CE
- Yì hé yōu lìngmíng bù zhāng xié? [Pinyin]
- Why do you worry about being not famous?
亦何忧令名不彰邪？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) (forming emphatic sentences) so; such; what; how
- a surname
Quotations edit
- For quotations using this term, see Citations:何.
Synonyms edit
Compounds edit
- 不奈何
- 不知何故
- 今夕何夕
- 任何 (rènhé)
- 何不 (hébù)
- 何之
- 何事 (héshì)
- 何人 (hérén)
- 何人斯
- 何以 (héyǐ)
- 何以克當／何以克当
- 何仙姑
- 何以見得／何以见得 (héyǐjiàndé)
- 何休
- 何似
- 何但
- 何傷／何伤
- 何其 (héqí)
- 何則／何则
- 何功之有
- 何去何從／何去何从 (héqùhécóng)
- 何哉
- 何啻
- 何嘗／何尝 (hécháng)
- 何在 (hézài)
- 何堪
- 何如 (hérú)
- 何如帖
- 何妨
- 何居
- 何常
- 何干 (hégān)
- 何年何月
- 何店 (Hédiàn)
- 何彼襛矣／何彼𰳺矣
- 何從／何从
- 何得 (hédé)
- 何德何能 (hédéhénéng)
- 何必 (hébì)
- 何意 (héyì)
- 何所
- 何所不為／何所不为
- 何承天
- 何故 (hégù)
- 何敢 (hégǎn)
- 何方 (héfāng)
- 何時／何时 (héshí)
- 何晏
- 何景明
- 何曾
- 何有
- 何期
- 何極／何极
- 何樂不為／何乐不为 (hélèbùwéi)
- 何止 (hézhǐ)
- 何氏語林／何氏语林
- 何況／何况 (hékuàng)
- 何消
- 何消說／何消说
- 何滿子／何满子
- 何為／何为
- 何焯
- 何物
- 何用
- 何由 (héyóu)
- 何當／何当
- 何種／何种
- 何等 (héděng)
- 何紹基／何绍基
- 何罪之有 (hézuìzhīyǒu)
- 何者 (hézhě)
- 何聊賴／何聊赖
- 何與／何与
- 何若
- 何苦 (hékǔ)
- 何苦來／何苦来 (hékǔlái)
- 何草不黃／何草不黄
- 何處／何处 (héchù)
- 何見之晚／何见之晚
- 何許／何许 (héxǔ)
- 何許人／何许人 (héxǔrén)
- 何謂／何谓 (héwèi)
- 何賈／何贾
- 何足 (hézú)
- 何足掛齒／何足挂齿 (hézú guàchǐ)
- 何足為奇／何足为奇
- 何足算
- 何足道哉
- 何進／何进
- 何遜／何逊
- 何關／何关
- 何陽店／何阳店 (Héyángdiàn)
- 何電／何电 (Hédiàn)
- 何須／何须 (héxū)
- 何預／何预
- 何首烏／何首乌 (héshǒuwū)
- 何鼓
- 傅粉何郎
- 噬臍何及／噬脐何及
- 因何 (yīnhé)
- 奈何 (nàihé)
- 奈何橋／奈何桥 (nàihéqiáo)
- 如之何 (rúzhīhé)
- 如之奈何 (rú zhī nàihé)
- 如何 (rúhé)
- 如何是好
- 干卿何事 (gān...héshì)
- 幾何／几何 (jǐhé)
- 幾何圖形／几何图形 (jǐhé túxíng)
- 幾何圖案／几何图案
- 幾何學／几何学 (jǐhéxué)
- 幾何級數／几何级数 (jǐhé jíshù)
- 弋人何篡
- 弋者何慕
- 弋者何篡
- 後悔何及／后悔何及
- 從何說起／从何说起
- 悔之何及
- 情何以堪 (qínghéyǐkān)
- 成何體統／成何体统 (chénghétǐtǒng)
- 方何礙／方何碍
- 於何／于何
- 於心何忍／于心何忍 (yúxīnhérěn)
- 日飲亡何／日饮亡何
- 春秋幾何／春秋几何
- 更待何時／更待何时 (gèng dài héshí)
- 曾幾何時／曾几何时 (céngjǐhéshí)
- 有何不可 (yǒu hé bùkě)
- 末奈何
- 末如之何
- 末耐何
- 柰何 (nàihé)
- 沒及奈何／没及奈何
- 沒奈何／没奈何 (mònàihé)
- 沒極奈何／没极奈何
- 沒計奈何／没计奈何
- 為何／为何
- 無何／无何 (wúhé)
- 無可奈何／无可奈何 (wúkěnàihé)
- 無可如何／无可如何
- 無奈我何／无奈我何
- 無如之何／无如之何
- 無如奈何／无如奈何
- 無計奈何／无计奈何
- 無論如何／无论如何 (wúlùnrúhé)
- 百身何贖／百身何赎
- 相煎何急
- 立體幾何／立体几何 (lìtǐ jǐhé)
- 緣何／缘何 (yuánhé)
- 而何 (érhé)
- 若何 (ruòhé)
- 莫可奈何
- 莫敢誰何／莫敢谁何 (mògǎn-shuíhé)
- 蕭何／萧何
- 解析幾何／解析几何 (jiěxī jǐhé)
- 該當何罪／该当何罪
- 誰何／谁何
- 談何容易／谈何容易 (tánhéróngyì)
- 譴何／谴何
- 追悔何及
Descendants edit
Pronunciation 2 edit
Definitions edit
何
- † Original form of 荷 (“to carry”).
Pronunciation 3 edit
Definitions edit
何
- † Original form of 呵 (“to scold; to criticise; to denounce”).
References edit
- “何”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00111
- “Entry #2874”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
Japanese edit
Kanji edit
何
Readings edit
- Go-on: が (ga)←が (ga, historical)
- Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)←か (ka, historical)
- Kun: なに (nani, 何, Jōyō)←なに (nani, 何, historical); なん (nan, 何, Jōyō †)←なん (nan, 何, historical); いず (izu, 何)←いづ (idu, 何, historical); いずれ (izure, 何れ)←いづれ (idure, 何れ, historical); いずく (izuku, 何く)←いづく (iduku, 何く, historical)
- Nanori: あが (aga)
Etymology edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 何 |
| なに Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *n-anu-.
Pronunciation edit
Compounds edit
Compounds
Interjection edit
- What?, Huh?
Pronoun edit
何 • (nani) (alternative reading hiragana なん, rōmaji nan)
- what
- 794, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki, page 92:
- 汝何所爲 奈尓世牟止曽
- What you should do. Nani se mu tö sö.
- that thing (used in place of words you can't remember at the moment.)
Adverb edit
- (in the negative) any, whatsoever, at all
- 何不自由なく ― nani fujiyū naku ― without any inconvenience
Usage notes edit
- 何 is usually read as なに, but before だ, で, の, it is read as なん. When followed by で, both readings are possible, albeit with different meanings.
Derived terms edit
Derived terms from interjection なに/なん
- 何か (nanika)
- 何かしら (nanikashira)
- 何が何でも (naniganandemo)
- 何気ない (nanigenai)
- 何気に (nanigeni)
- 何事 (nanigoto)
- 何卒 (nanitozo)
- 何様 (nanisama)
- 何しろ (nanishiro)
- 何人 (nanijin)
- 何々 (naninani)
- 何一つ (nanihitotsu)
- 何も (nanimo)
- 何もかも (nanimokamo)
- 何者 (nanimono)
- 何せ (nanse)
- 何だか (nandaka)
- 何たる (nantaru)
- 何で (nande)
- 何でも (nandemo)
- 何でもかんでも (nandemokandemo)
- 何とか (nantoka)
- 何とかかんとか (nantokakantoka)
- 何とかして (nantokashite)
- 何なり (nannari)
- 何人 (nanpito)
- 何等 (nanra)
- 何らか (nanraka)
Related terms edit
- 何れ (dore) which one?
- 何の (dono) (of) what?
- 何処 (doko) where?
- 何方 (dochira) which way?
- 如何 (dō) in what manner?
Descendants edit
See also edit
Japanese demonstratives
| ko- “this” (close to speaker) |
so- “that” (close to listener) |
a- “that over there” (far from both) |
do- “which” (indeterminate, question) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Object | これ (kore) | それ (sore) | あれ (are) | どれ (dore) |
| これら (korera) | それら (sorera) | あれら (arera) | — | |
| Determiner | この (kono) | その (sono) | あの (ano) | どの (dono) |
| これらの (korera no) | それらの (sorera no) | あれらの (arera no) | — | |
| Kind | こんな (konna) | そんな (sonna) | あんな (anna) | どんな (donna) |
| こういう (kō iu) | そういう (sō iu) | ああいう (ā iu) | どういう (dō iu) | |
| Place | ここ (koko) | そこ (soko) | あそこ (asoko)* | どこ (doko) |
| こっから (kokkara) | そっから (sokkara) | — | どっから (dokkara) | |
| Direction / Human | こちら (kochira) | そちら (sochira) | あちら (achira) | どちら (dochira) |
| こなた (konata) | そなた (sonata) | あなた (anata) | どなた (donata) | |
| Direction | こっち (kotchi) | そっち (sotchi) | あっち (atchi) | どっち (dotchi) |
| Human | こいつ (koitsu) | そいつ (soitsu) | あいつ (aitsu) | どいつ (doitsu) |
| Manner | こう (kō) | そう (sō) | ああ (ā)** | どう (dō) |
| Degree | これくらい (kore kurai) | それくらい (sore kurai) | あれくらい (are kurai) | どれくらい (dore kurai) |
| これだけ (kore dake) | それだけ (sore dake) | あれだけ (are dake) | どれだけ (dore dake) | |
| これほど (kore hodo) | それほど (sore hodo) | あれほど (are hodo) | どれほど (dore hodo) | |
| * irregular ** regular (long vowel) | ||||
| a-/wa- “I, we” (first person) |
na-/-ma- “you, ye, thou” (second person) |
k- “this” (close to speaker) |
s- “that” (close to listener) |
a-/ka- “that over there” (far from both) |
i-/ta-/nani- “who, what, where, how, when” (interrogative) |
ono- “oneself” (reflexive) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | あ (a) あれ (are) わ (wa) われ (ware) まろ (maro) |
な (na) なれ (nare) なんぢ (nanji) まし (mashi) いまし (imashi) みまし (mimashi) きみ (kimi) |
こ (ko) これ (kore) |
そ (so) それ (sore) |
あ (a) あれ (are) か (ka) かれ (kare) |
た (ta) たれ (tare) なにがし (nanigashi) |
おの (ono) おのれ (onore) |
| Thing | こ (ko) これ (kore) |
そ (so) それ (sore) |
あ (a) あれ (are) か (ka) かれ (kare) |
いづれ (izure) なに (nani) |
|||
| Location | ここ (koko) | そこ (soko) | あしこ (ashiko) かしこ (kashiko) |
いづく (izuku) いづこ (izuko) いどこ (idoko) どこ (doko) |
|||
| Direction | こち (kochi) こなた (konata) |
そち (sochi) そなた (sonata) |
あち (achi) あなた (anata) かなた (kanata) |
いづち (izuchi) いづら (izura) いづかた (izukata) |
|||
| Manner | か (ka) かく (kaku) かくて (kakute) かう (kō) |
さ (sa) さて (sate) しか (shika) |
いか (ika) | ||||
| Time | いつ (itsu) |
Prefix edit
Derived terms edit
Derived terms from prefix なん-
References edit
- Unknown (794) Yoshinori Kobayashi, editor, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki (Kojisho Ongi Shūsei) (in Japanese), volume 1, Kyūko Shoin, published 1978, →ISBN.
Korean edit
Etymology edit
From Middle Chinese 何 (MC ha).
Hanja edit
Compounds edit
References edit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]
Kunigami edit
Kanji edit
何
Readings edit
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
何 (nū)
Miyako edit
Kanji edit
何
Readings edit
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
何 (nō)
Okinawan edit
Kanji edit
何
Readings edit
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
何 (nū)
Vietnamese edit
Han character edit
何: Hán Nôm readings: hà, gã, há
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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References edit
Yaeyama edit
Kanji edit
何
Readings edit
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
何 (nō)
Yonaguni edit
Kanji edit
何
Readings edit
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
何 (nū)