兮

兮	U+516E, 兮 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-516E

Translingual edit

Han character edit

兮 (Kangxi radical 12, 八+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 金一女尸 (CMVS), four-corner 8020₇, composition ⿱八丂)

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 127, character 3
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1455
Dae Jaweon: page 283, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 241, character 6
Unihan data for U+516E

Chinese edit

trad.		兮
simp. ^#		兮
alternative forms		𠔃

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 兮

Shang

Western Zhou

Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)

Liushutong (compiled in Ming)

Oracle bone script

Bronze inscriptions

Small seal script

Transcribed ancient scripts

**Oracle bone script**
j11575	j11576	j11577	j11578	j11579	j11580	j11581	j11582
j11583	j11584	j11585

**Bronze inscriptions**
b07112	b07113	b07114	b07115	b07116	b07117	b07118

**Small seal script**
s03508

**Transcribed ancient scripts**
L02483	L02484	L02485

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (兮) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
盻	ŋeːs, ɢeːs
兮	*ɢeː
枍	*qeːs

Originally the same character as 乎 (OC *ɢaː). The oracle bone form consists of 丂 (“fork in a tree”) and two vertical strokes above; the two strokes are parallel in most oracle bone attestations, possibly representing finer branches (i.e. the sound produced by wind blows past these branches).

Etymology edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xī (xi¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hai⁴
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ê / hê
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ¹shi

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xī
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: si
  - Wade–Giles: hsi¹
  - Yale: syī
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shi
  - Palladius: си (si)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hai⁴
  - Yale: hàih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hai⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: hei⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐi̯²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ê / hê
  - Tâi-lô: ê / hê
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ee, hee
  - IPA (Xiamen): /e²⁴/, /he²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /e²⁴/, /he²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /e¹³/, /he¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /e²⁴/, /he²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /e²³/, /he²³/

Note:

ê - vernacular(or actually pronunciation of other characters, see 个);
hê - literary.

Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ¹shi
  - MiniDict: shi^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹xi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕi⁵³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 兮
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɕi⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/ɕi⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/ɕi²¹/
	Jinan	/ɕi²¹³/
	Qingdao	/ɕi²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/ɕi²⁴/
	Xi'an	/ɕi²¹/
	Xining	/ɕi⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ɕi¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ɕi⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ɕi⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/ɕi⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/ɕi⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/ɕi⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/ɕi⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/ɕi³¹/
	Hefei	/sz̩²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɕi¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ɕi¹³/
	Hohhot	/ɕi³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɕi⁵³/
	Suzhou	/i⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/ɦi²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ji³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/ɕi³¹/
Hui	Tunxi
Xiang	Changsha	/ɕi³³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ɕi³³/
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/hi⁴⁴/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/hi²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hɐi²¹/
	Nanning	/hɐi²¹/
	Hong Kong	/hɐi²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/he³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/hie⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/xi⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/hi³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/hi²³/

Middle Chinese: hej

Rime
Character	兮
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	齊 (39)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	胡雞切
Baxter	hej
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦei/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦei/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɛi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦɛj/
Li Rong	/ɣei/
Wang Li	/ɣiei/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣiei/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xí
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hai⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ɡˤe/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɢeː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	兮
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xī
Middle Chinese	‹ hej ›
Old Chinese	/*ɡˁe/
English	(final particle)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	兮
Reading #	1/1
No.	13231
Phonetic component	兮
Rime group	支
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	奚
Old Chinese	/*ɢeː/

Definitions edit

兮

(literary) Sentence-internal or final exclamatory particle.
- 蘀兮蘀兮，風其吹女。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  萚兮萚兮，风其吹女。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Tuò xī tuò xī, fēng qí chuī rǔ. [Pinyin]
  Ye withered leaves! Ye withered leaves! How the wind is blowing you away!
- 子夏問曰：「『巧笑倩兮，美目盼兮，素以為絢兮。』何謂也？」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  子夏问曰：「『巧笑倩兮，美目盼兮，素以为绚兮。』何谓也？」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Zǐ Xià wèn yuē: “‘qiǎoxiào qiàn xī, měimù pàn xī, sù yǐwéi xuàn xī.’ Héwèi yě?” [Pinyin]
  Zi Xia asked, saying, "What is the meaning of the passage - 'The pretty dimples of her artful smile! The well-defined black and white of her eye! The plain ground for the colors?'"
- 淵兮似萬物之宗。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  渊兮似万物之宗。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Tao Te Ching, 4^th century BCE
  Yuān xī sì wànwù zhī zōng. [Pinyin]
  How deep and unfathomable it is, as if it were the Honoured Ancestor of all things!
- 歸兮亦難佇亦難，幾日彷徨中路傍？ [Korean Literary Sinitic, trad.]
  From: 《蘭皐平生詩》 (The Poem of My Life), death poem of Kim Byeong'yeon (金炳淵), 1863
  Gwi hye yeok nan jeo yeok nan, giil banghwang jungno bang? [Sino-Korean]
  Oh, it is difficult to go home, but so it is to stay; how many days more shall I roam the roads?
(Central Min, Puxian Min) Possessive particle.
(Southern Min) Alternative form of 个 (possessive particle)

Synonyms edit

Dialectal synonyms of 的 (“possessive particle”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		之
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		的
Mandarin	Beijing	的
	Taiwan	的
	Chengdu	的
	Guilin	的
	Malaysia	的
	Singapore	的
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	的
	Dagudi (Maliba)	的
	Reshuitang (Longling)	的
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	的
	Mae Sai (Tengchong)	的
	Pematangsiantar	的
Cantonese	Guangzhou	嘅 †
	Hong Kong	嘅 †
	Macau	嘅 †
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	嘅
	Taishan	個, 嘅
	Beihai	個
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	個
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	嘅
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	個
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	嘅
	Penang (Guangfu)	嘅
	Singapore (Guangfu)	嘅
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	嘅
	Móng Cái	個
Gan	Nanchang	個
Gan	Lichuan	個
Hakka	Meixian	個
	Wuhua (Meilin)	個
	Nanxiong (Zhuji)	個
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	個
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	個
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	個
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	個
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	個
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	個
	Kuching (Hepo)	嘅
Huizhou	Jixi	仂
Jin	Taiyuan	的
Jiuxing Yumin	Lanxi	個
Northern Min	Jian'ou	個
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	其
Southern Min	Xiamen	個
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	個
	Quanzhou	個
	Zhangzhou	個
	Zhao'an	個
	Dongshan	個
	Taipei	個
	Kaohsiung	個
	Tainan	個
	Penang (Hokkien)	個
	Singapore (Hokkien)	個
	Manila (Hokkien)	個
	Chaozhou	個 †
	Shantou	個 †
	Jieyang	個 †
	Haifeng	個
	Singapore (Teochew)	個 †
	Leizhou	個
	Wenchang	個
	Singapore (Hainanese)	個
Puxian Min	Xianyou	兮
Central Min	Yong'an	兮
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	個 †
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	嘅
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Liutang, Lingui)	嘅
Wu	Shanghai	個
	Suzhou	個
	Wuxi	個
	Hangzhou	的
	Ningbo	個
	Wenzhou	個
Xiang	Changsha	的
	Loudi	個
	Shaoyang	個
Note	† - may use corresponding classifier in certain contexts

Compounds edit

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

兮

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings edit

Go-on: げ (ge)
Kan-on: けい (kei)
Kun: の (no)

Korean edit

Hanja edit

兮 (eum 혜 (hye))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

兮: Hán Nôm readings: hề

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.