匠

Translingual edit

Han character edit

匠 (Kangxi radical 22, 匚+4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 尸竹一中 (SHML), four-corner 7171₂, composition ⿷匚斤)

Derived characters edit

𰁳

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 153, character 22
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2605
Dae Jaweon: page 345, character 11
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 83, character 5
Unihan data for U+5320

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.		匠
alternative forms		匞

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 匠
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Qin slip script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (匚) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
匚	*paŋ
匠	*sbaŋs

Traditionally thought to be an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 匚 (“box”) + 斤 (“axe”) (e.g. Shuowen).

In more recent scholarship (e.g. Zhengzhang, 2003; Baxter and Sagart, 2014), an alternative glyph origin has been proposed, suggesting that it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sbaŋs) : phonetic 匚 (OC *paŋ) + semantic 斤 (“axe”).

Etymology edit

Several etymologies have been proposed:

Related to Tibetan བྱང (byang, “skilled”) (Bodman, 1980) or སྤྱང (spyang, “skilful; clever”) (Sagart and Baxter, 2012). These comparisons would require the Old Chinese reconstruction to have a *sb- initial, which is possible if 匚 (OC *paŋ) is considered to be the phonetic component. The Middle Chinese initial would be derived as such: *s.b- > *zb- > *bz- > *dz- (Baxter and Sagart, 2014).
Schuessler (2007), who reconstructs the Old Chinese minimally as *dzaŋh, deems it more likely to be from Mon-Khmer, comparing it to Khmer ចាំង (cang, “to dress; to trim (wood)”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Jacques (2015) proposes another Sino-Tibetan etymology, comparing it to Tibetan མཛངས (mdzangs, “wise; intelligent”), which is derived from བཟང (bzang, “good”). Under this hypothesis, it can be derived from 臧 (OC *[ts]ˤaŋ, “good”), which has been connected to the Tibetan word. He postulates the derivation to consist of the nominalizing circumfix *k- -s and the applicative prefix *N-, yielding *k-N-tsaŋ-s > *k-dzaŋ-s.

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): jiàng (jiang⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄤˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jiang⁴
Cantonese (Jyutping): zoeng⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): siong

(Meixian, Guangdong): xiong⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): jion³
Northern Min (KCR): tiōng
Eastern Min (BUC): chióng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): chhiūⁿ / chhiōⁿ / siūⁿ / chhiǔⁿ / chhiōng / chhiāng / siāng / chiōng

(Teochew, Peng'im): ciên⁷ / cion⁷ / ziang⁶
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zian⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄤˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiàng
  - Wade–Giles: chiang⁴
  - Yale: jyàng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jianq
  - Palladius: цзян (czjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: jiang⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: giang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiaŋ²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: zoeng⁶
  - Yale: jeuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzoeng⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: zêng⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sœːŋ²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: siong
  - Hakka Romanization System: xiong
  - Hagfa Pinyim: xiong⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /si̯oŋ⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: xiong⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /siɔŋ⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: jion³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiɒ̃⁴⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tiōng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰiɔŋ⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: chióng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰuɔŋ²¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Hui'an, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Taichung, Hsinchu, Sanxia, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiūⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: tshiūnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: chviu
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Yilan): /t͡sʰiũ³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Kinmen): /t͡sʰiũ²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡sʰiũ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Hui'an): /t͡sʰiũ²¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Changtai, Longyan, Tainan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiōⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: tshiōnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: chvioi
  - IPA (Tainan): /t͡sʰiɔ̃³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou, Changtai): /t͡sʰiɔ̃²²/
  - IPA (Longyan): /t͡sʰiõ⁵⁵/
- (Hokkien: Zhangpu)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siūⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: siūnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sviu
  - IPA (Zhangpu): /siũ³³/
- (Hokkien: Lukang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiǔⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: tshiǔnn
  - IPA (Lukang): /t͡sʰiũ³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Hui'an)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiōng
  - Tâi-lô: tshiōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: chiong
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰiɔŋ²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Hui'an): /t͡sʰiɔŋ²¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Longyan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiāng
  - Tâi-lô: tshiāng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: chiang
  - IPA (Longyan): /t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰiaŋ²²/
- (Hokkien: Zhangpu)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siāng
  - Tâi-lô: siāng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: siang
  - IPA (Zhangpu): /siaŋ³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiōng
  - Tâi-lô: tsiōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ciong
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/

Note:

chhiūⁿ/chhiōⁿ/siūⁿ - vernacular;
chhiōng/chhiāng/siāng/chiōng - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: ciên⁷ / cion⁷ / ziang⁶
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshiēⁿ / tshiōⁿ / tsiăng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰĩẽ¹¹/, /t͡sʰĩõ¹¹/, /t͡siaŋ³⁵/

Note:

ciên7/cion7 - vernacular (ciên7 - Chaozhou);
ziang6 - literary.

Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: zian⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /t͡si̯æn²¹/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /t͡ɕi̯æn²¹/

Middle Chinese: dzjangH

Rime
Character	匠
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	從 (15)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	疾亮切
Baxter	dzjangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡zɨɐŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ziɐŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ziɑŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡zɨaŋ^H/
Li Rong	/d͡ziaŋ^H/
Wang Li	/d͡zĭaŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/d͡zʱi̯aŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zoeng⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*s.baŋ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*sbaŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	匠
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiàng
Middle Chinese	‹ dzjang^H ›
Old Chinese	/*s.baŋ-s/
English	craftsman
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	匠
Reading #	1/1
No.	6268
Phonetic component	匚
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	匠
Old Chinese	/*sbaŋs/

Definitions edit

匠

craftsman; artisan; workman
master

Compounds edit

一代宗匠
丁匠
刀匠
剃頭匠／剃头匠 (tìtóujiàng)
劣匠
匠人 (jiàngrén)
匠作
匠伯
匠師／匠师
匠心 (jiàngxīn)
匠意
匠成
匠戶／匠户
匠氏
匠氣／匠气 (jiàngqì)
匠石 (jiàngshí)
匣匠
哲匠
大匠
大匠不斲
字匠
宗匠 (zōngjiàng)
將作大匠／将作大匠
將匠／将匠
小爐兒匠／小炉儿匠
工匠 (gōngjiàng)
巨匠 (jùjiàng)
巧匠 (qiǎojiàng)
帖匠
帽匠
弓匠
心匠
意匠 (yìjiàng)
把式匠
接骨匠
摟包兒匠／搂包儿匠
教書匠／教书匠 (jiāoshūjiàng)
木匠 (mùjiàng)
桶匠
梓匠
梓匠輪輿／梓匠轮舆
棚匠 (péngjiang)
機匠／机匠
毛毛匠
法匠
泥水匠 (níshuǐjiàng)
油漆匠
泥瓦匠 (níwǎjiàng)
漆匠
理髮匠／理发匠
瓦匠 (wǎjiàng)
甕子匠／瓮子匠 (wèngzǐjiàng)
畫匠／画匠 (huàjiàng)
皮匠 (píjiàng)
石匠
筆匠／笔匠
篾匠 (mièjiàng)
繡匠／绣匠
臭皮匠 (chòupíjiàng)
船匠 (chuánjiàng)
良匠 (liángjiàng)
花匠 (huājiàng)
衣匠
裱糊匠
解匠
譯匠／译匠 (yìjiàng)
車匠／车匠 (chējiàng)
軍匠／军匠
郢匠
郢匠揮斤／郢匠挥斤
都料匠
醫匠／医匠
金匠 (jīnjiàng)
針筆匠／针笔匠
銅匠／铜匠 (tóngjiàng)
銀匠／银匠 (yínjiàng)
錫匠／锡匠 (xījiàng)
鎖匠／锁匠 (suǒjiàng)
鐵匠／铁匠 (tiějiàng)
陶匠 (táojiàng)
雕刻匠
靴匠 (xuējiàng)
鞋匠 (xiéjiàng)
香匠

Descendants edit

→ Proto-Southwestern Tai: *ɟaːŋᴮ² (“artisan; skillful”) (via Middle Chinese)
- Thai: ช่าง (châang)
- Northern Thai: ᨩ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦ
- Khün: ᨩ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦ
- Lao: ຊ່າງ (sāng)
- Lü: ᦋᦱᧂᧈ (tsaang¹)
- Shan: ၸၢင်ႈ (tsāang)
- Phake: ꩡင် (caṅ)
- Ahom: 𑜋𑜂𑜫 (chaṅ)
→ Zhuang: cangh (“someone in a particular profession”) (via Middle Chinese)
→ Khmer: ជាង (ciəng) (via Middle Chinese)