寅

寅	U+5BC5, 寅 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BC5

See also: 画, 宙, and 黄

Translingual edit

Han character edit

寅 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 十一中金 (JMLC), four-corner 3080₆, composition ⿱宀⿳一由八)

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 288, character 5
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7204
Dae Jaweon: page 570, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 936, character 16
Unihan data for U+5BC5

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.		寅

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 寅
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (寅) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
寅	lil, lin
蔩	lil, lenʔ, *lin
鏔	lil, li
演	*lenʔ
縯	lenʔ, linʔ
戭	lenʔ, linʔ
夤	*lin
螾	lin, linʔ
濥	linʔ, lins
瞚	*hljuns

Etymology edit

3rd earthly branch

Smith (2011) suggests that this branch denoted the "bending, stretching, drawn out" moon phase, i.e. the waning half-moon with a concave flat edge. Smith points to

the possible relation between 寅 (OC *lin) and 引 (OC *linʔ, “to stretch, to draw (a bow)”) (noted earlier by James Mellon Menzies); and
that both graphs 寅 and 引 were used interchangeably as phonophorics for 螾 (OC *lin, *linʔ) and 蚓 (OC *linʔ), meaning "worm".

Association with the tiger was possibly arbitrary, just like 辰 (chén) with the dragon (see Ferlus, 2013)

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): yín (yin²)

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄣˊ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yin²
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jan⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): yin³
Gan (Wiktionary): in⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): yì

(Meixian, Guangdong): yi²
Jin (Wiktionary): ing¹
Northern Min (KCR): ěng
Eastern Min (BUC): ìng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): în

(Teochew, Peng'im): ing⁵
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶yin
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): in²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yín
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄣˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yín
  - Wade–Giles: yin²
  - Yale: yín
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yn
  - Palladius: инь (inʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /in³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: yin²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: in
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /in²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jan⁴
  - Yale: yàhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jan⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yen⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐn²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: yin³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jin²²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: in⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /in³⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì
  - Hakka Romanization System: iˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yi²
  - Sinological IPA: /i¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)iˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yi²
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: yi²
  - Sinological IPA: /i¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: ing¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ĩŋ¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ěng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /eiŋ²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ìng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iŋ⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: în
  - Tâi-lô: în
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iin
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /in¹³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /in²³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /in²⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ing⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: îng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iŋ⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶yin
  - MiniDict: yin^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhin
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦin²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: in²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /in¹³/

Middle Chinese: yij, yin

Rime
Character	寅	寅
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	以 (36)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	脂 (15)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	以脂切	翼眞切
Baxter	yij	yin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jiɪ/	/jiɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/ji/	/jin/
Shao Rongfen	/jɪ/	/jen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ji/	/jin/
Li Rong	/i/	/iĕn/
Wang Li	/ji/	/jĭĕn/
Bernard Karlgren	/i/	/i̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yí	yín
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji⁴	jan⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ](r)ər/

(Zhengzhang): /*lil/, /*lin/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	寅	寅
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yín	yín
Middle Chinese	‹ yij ›	‹ yin ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ](r)ər/	/*[ɢ](r)ər/
English	3rd earthly branch	3rd earthly branch
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	寅	寅
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	15273	15281
Phonetic component	寅	寅
Rime group	脂	眞
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	姨	寅
Old Chinese	/*lil/	/*lin/

Definitions edit

寅

(Classical) to revere, respect
- 同寅協恭和衷哉！ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  同寅协恭和衷哉！ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Documents, circa 4^th – 3^rd century BCE
  Tóng yín xié gōng hé zhōng zāi! [Pinyin]
  When (sovereign and ministers show) a common reverence and united respect for these, lo! the moral nature (of the people) is made harmonious.
third of twelve earthly branches (十二支)
tiger (虎) of Chinese zodiac

Coordinate terms edit

(Chinese earthly branches) 地支 (dìzhī); 子, 丑 (chǒu), 寅 (yín), 卯 (mǎo), 辰 (chén), 巳 (sì), 午 (wǔ), 未 (wèi), 申 (shēn), 酉 (yǒu), 戌, 亥 (hài) ^{(Category: zh:Chinese earthly branches)}

Compounds edit

References edit

“寅”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
“Entry #7161”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.