恆

See also: 恒

恆	U+6046, 恆 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6046

← 恅
[U+6045]

CJK Unified Ideographs

恇 →
[U+6047]

Translingual edit

Han character edit

恆 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 心一月一 (PMBM), four-corner 9101₇, composition ⿰忄亙)

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 383, character 25
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10528
Dae Jaweon: page 714, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2294, character 16
Unihan data for U+6046

Chinese edit

trad.		恆/恒
simp.		恒
alternative forms		𢛢𠄨㔰

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (亙) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
搄	kɯːŋ, kɯːŋs
縆	kɯːŋ, kɯːŋs
絙	ɡoːn, kɯːŋ
亙	*kɯːŋs
堩	*kɯːŋs
恆	*ɡɯːŋ
峘	ɡoːn, ɡɯːŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯːŋ) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 亙 (OC *kɯːŋs, “partial moon”).

May have originally been written 亙.

In Small Seal Script, the 月 in 亙 was written 舟.

Pronunciation 1 edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gèng (geng⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄥˋ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gèng
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gèng
  - Wade–Giles: kêng⁴
  - Yale: gèng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: genq
  - Palladius: гэн (gɛn)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɤŋ⁵¹/

Definitions edit

恆

^† (of the moon) to wax
- 如月之恆，如日之升。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  如月之恒，如日之升。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Rú yuè zhī héng, rú rì zhī shēng. [Pinyin]
  Like the moon advancing to the full,
  Like the sun ascending the heavens
^† to extend everywhere

Pronunciation 2 edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): héng (heng²)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄥˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hang⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hèn
Northern Min (KCR): ǎing
Eastern Min (BUC): hèng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): ân / hêng / hn̂g

(Teochew, Peng'im): hêng⁵ / huêng⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: héng
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: héng
  - Wade–Giles: hêng²
  - Yale: héng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: herng
  - Palladius: хэн (xɛn)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɤŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hang⁴
  - Yale: hàhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hang⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: heng⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐŋ²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hèn
  - Hakka Romanization System: henˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hen²
  - Sinological IPA: /hen¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ǎing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /aiŋ²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hèng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɛiŋ⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ân
  - Tâi-lô: ân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: aan
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /an²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hêng
  - Tâi-lô: hîng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: heeng
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɪŋ²³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiɪŋ¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /hiɪŋ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hn̂g
  - Tâi-lô: hn̂g
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hngg
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hŋ̍²⁴/

Note:

ân - vernacular;
hêng/hn̂g - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: hêng⁵ / huêng⁵
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hêng / huêng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /heŋ⁵⁵/, /hueŋ⁵⁵/

Note: huêng5 - Chaoyang.

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 恆
Mandarin	Beijing	/xəŋ³⁵/
	Harbin	/xəŋ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/xəŋ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/xəŋ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/xəŋ²⁴/
	Zhengzhou	/xəŋ⁴²/
	Xi'an	/xəŋ²⁴/
	Xining	/xə̃²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/xəŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/xə̃n⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/xɤŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/xən²¹³/
	Chengdu	/xən³¹/
	Guiyang	/xen²¹/
	Kunming	/xə̃³¹/
	Nanjing	/xən²⁴/
	Hefei	/xən⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/xəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/xəŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/xə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦəŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦən¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦen²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ɦaŋ³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/xʌ̃⁴⁴/
Hui	Tunxi
Xiang	Changsha	/xən¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ɦən¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/hɛn²⁴/
Hakka	Meixian	/hen¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/hen¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hɐŋ²¹/
	Nanning	/hɐŋ²¹/
	Hong Kong	/hɐŋ²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/hiŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/hɛiŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/aiŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/heŋ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/hɔŋ³¹/ /aŋ³¹/

Middle Chinese: hong

Rime
Character	恆
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	登 (129)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡登切
Baxter	hong
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦəŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦəŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣəŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəŋ/
Li Rong	/ɣəŋ/
Wang Li	/ɣəŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣəŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	héng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hang⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤəŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	恆
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	héng
Middle Chinese	‹ hong ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁəŋ/
English	constant
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	恆
Reading #	1/1
No.	5126
Phonetic component	亙
Rime group	蒸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	恒
Old Chinese	/*ɡɯːŋ/

Definitions edit

恆

lasting; constant
恆溫／恒温 ― héngwēn ― constant temperature
- 無恆產而有恆心者，惟士為能。若民，則無恆產，因無恆心。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  无恒产而有恒心者，惟士为能。若民，则无恒产，因无恒心。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE
  Wú héng chǎn ér yǒu héngxīn zhě, wéi shì wéi néng. Ruò mín, zé wú héng chǎn, yīn wú héngxīn. [Pinyin]
  They are only men of education, who, without a certain livelihood, are able to maintain a fixed heart. As to the people, if they have not a certain livelihood, it follows that they will not have a fixed heart.
ordinary
- 甘茂，賢人，非恆士也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  甘茂，贤人，非恒士也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5^th – 3^rd centuries BCE
  Gān Mào, xiánrén, fēi héng shì yě. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 夫可規以利而可諫以言者，皆愚陋恆民之謂耳。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  夫可规以利而可谏以言者，皆愚陋恒民之谓耳。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE
  Fū kě guī yǐ lì ér kě jiàn yǐ yán zhě, jiē yúlòu héngmín zhī wèi ěr. [Pinyin]
  Those who can be persuaded by considerations of gain, and to whom remonstrances may be addressed with success, are all ignorant, low, and ordinary people.
perseverance
持之以恆／持之以恒 ― chízhīyǐhéng ― to persevere
- 人而無恆，不可以作巫醫。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  人而无恒，不可以作巫医。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Rén ér wú héng, bù kěyǐ zuò wūyī. [Pinyin]
  A man without constancy cannot be either a wizard or a doctor.
(literary) often; frequently
- 性嗜酒，而家貧不能恆得。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  性嗜酒，而家贫不能恒得。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: 4th–5th century, Tao Yuanming, 五柳先生傳
  Xìng shì jiǔ, ér jiā pín bùnéng héng dé. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
32nd hexagram of the I Ching; “endurance” (䷟)