抗

抗	U+6297, 抗 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6297

Translingual edit

Han character edit

抗 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 手卜竹弓 (QYHN), four-corner 5001₇, composition ⿰扌亢)

resist, oppose, defy, reject

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 422, character 2
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11889
Dae Jaweon: page 769, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1843, character 4
Unihan data for U+6297

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.		抗
alternative forms		炕 “to raise”

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (亢) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
笐	kaːŋ, ɡaːŋs
亢	kaːŋ, kʰaːŋs
牨	*kaːŋ
苀	kaːŋ, ɡaːŋ
魧	kaːŋ, ɡaːŋ
迒	kaːŋ, ɡaːŋ
邟	kʰaːŋ, kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ
忼	kʰaːŋʔ, qʰaːŋ
骯	kʰaːŋʔ, ɡaːŋʔ, *qaːŋ
抗	kʰaːŋs, ɡaːŋ
炕	kʰaːŋs, qʰaːŋ
伉	*kʰaːŋs
閌	*kʰaːŋs
犺	*kʰaːŋs
蚢	kʰaːŋs, ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ
砊	kʰaːŋs, kʰraːŋ
阬	kʰaːŋs, kʰraːŋ
頏	kʰaːŋs, ɡaːŋ
航	*ɡaːŋ
杭	*ɡaːŋ
沆	ɡaːŋ, ɡaːŋʔ
肮	*ɡaːŋ
吭	ɡaːŋ, ɡaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋs
秔	*kraːŋ
坑	*kʰraːŋ
劥	*kʰraːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 亢 (OC *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs).

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kàng (kang⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄤˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): kong³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khong

(Meixian, Guangdong): kong⁴
Northern Min (KCR): kǎng
Eastern Min (BUC): káung
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khòng

(Teochew, Peng'im): kang³
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁵khaon

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄤˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kàng
  - Wade–Giles: kʻang⁴
  - Yale: kàng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kanq
  - Palladius: кан (kan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɑŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: kong³
  - Yale: kong
  - Cantonese Pinyin: kong³
  - Guangdong Romanization: kong³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɔːŋ³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khong
  - Hakka Romanization System: kong
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kong⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: kong⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰɔŋ⁵³/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kǎng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaŋ²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: káung
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɑuŋ²¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khòng
  - Tâi-lô: khòng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qoxng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔŋ²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔŋ²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔŋ¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔŋ²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kang³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khàng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaŋ²¹³/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁵khaon
  - MiniDict: khaon^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²khaan
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰɑ̃³⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 抗
Mandarin	Beijing	/kʰɑŋ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/kʰaŋ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/kʰɑŋ⁵³/
	Jinan	/kʰaŋ²¹/
	Qingdao	/kʰaŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/kʰaŋ³¹²/
	Xi'an	/kʰaŋ⁴⁴/
	Xining	/kʰɔ̃²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/kʰɑŋ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/kʰɑ̃¹³/
	Ürümqi	/kʰɑŋ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/kʰaŋ³⁵/
	Chengdu	/kʰaŋ¹³/
	Guiyang	/kʰaŋ²¹³/
	Kunming	/kʰã̠¹/
	Nanjing	/kʰaŋ⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/kʰɑ̃⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/kʰɒ̃¹¹/ ～不住 /kʰɒ̃⁴⁵/ 抵～
	Pingyao	/kʰɑŋ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/kʰɑ̃⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/kʰɑ̃³⁵/
	Suzhou	/kʰɑ̃⁵¹³/
	Hangzhou	/kʰɑŋ⁵³/
	Wenzhou	/kʰuɔ⁴²/
Hui	Shexian	/kʰa³²⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/kʰau⁴²/
Xiang	Changsha	/kʰan⁵⁵/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/kʰɔn⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/kʰɔŋ²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰoŋ⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/kʰɔŋ³³/
	Nanning	/kʰɔŋ³³/
	Hong Kong	/kʰɔŋ³³/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kʰɔŋ²¹/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kʰɔuŋ²¹²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kaŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kʰaŋ²¹³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/xaŋ³⁵/

Middle Chinese: hang, khangH

Rime
Character	抗	抗
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)	唐 (101)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	胡郎切	苦浪切
Baxter	hang	khangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦɑŋ/	/kʰɑŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦɑŋ/	/kʰɑŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɑŋ/	/kʰɑŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaŋ/	/kʰaŋ^H/
Li Rong	/ɣɑŋ/	/kʰɑŋ^H/
Wang Li	/ɣɑŋ/	/kʰɑŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣɑŋ/	/kʰɑŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	háng	kàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hong⁴	hong³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤaŋ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʰaːŋs/, /*ɡaːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	抗
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kàng
Middle Chinese	‹ khang^H ›
Old Chinese	/*kʰˁaŋ-s/
English	set up; oppose; protect
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	抗	抗
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	7365	7388
Phonetic component	亢	亢
Rime group	陽	陽
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	抗	航
Old Chinese	/*kʰaːŋs/	/*ɡaːŋ/

Definitions edit

抗

to resist, to oppose
抗日戰爭／抗日战争 ― kàngrì zhànzhēng ― "War of Resistance Against Japan" (the Second Sino-Japanese War)
- 關公曰：「汝怎敢抗吾？」禁曰：「上命差遣，身不由己。望君侯憐憫，誓以死報。」 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
  关公曰：「汝怎敢抗吾？」禁曰：「上命差遣，身不由己。望君侯怜悯，誓以死报。」 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]
  From: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, circa 14^th century CE
  Guāngōng yuē: “Rǔ zěn gǎn kàng wú?” Jìn yuē: “Shàngmìng chāiqiǎn, shēnbùyóujǐ. Wàng jūnhóu liánmǐn, shì yǐ sǐ bào.” [Pinyin]
  Lord Guan said: "How dare you oppose me?" (Yu) Jin said: "We were ordered from above, (we did so) not on our own accord. We hope ye, milord, would have mercy. We swear we'll repay that with death."
(obsolete) to raise; to lift; to elevate; to hold high
- 大侯既抗，弓矢斯張。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  大侯既抗，弓矢斯张。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Dàhóu jìkàng, gōngshǐ sīzhāng. [Pinyin]
  The great target is set up;
  The bows and arrows are made ready for the shooting.
- 卑溼、重遲、貪利，則抗之以高志。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  卑湿、重迟、贪利，则抗之以高志。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Xunzi, c. 3^rd century BCE
  Bēishī, zhòngchí, tānlì, zé kàng zhī yǐ gāozhì. [Pinyin]
  The self-deprecating people, the encumbered and sluggish, and the pettily covetous ones — we elevate them with a high spirit.
- 寧與騏驥亢軛乎？將隨駑馬之跡乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  宁与骐骥亢轭乎？将随驽马之迹乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Verses of Chu, 4^th century BCE – 2^nd century CE
  Nìng yǔ qíjì kàng'è hū? Jiāng suí númǎ zhījì hū? [Pinyin]
  Shall I rather hold myself aloft in the yoke of Pegasus, or waste away after the tracks of a Rocinante?