播種

Chinese edit

		sow; scatter; spread sow; scatter; spread; broadcast	to plant; to cultivate; kind to plant; to cultivate; kind; type; race; breed; seed; species (taxonomy)
trad. (播種)		播	種
simp. (播种)		播	种

Etymology 1 edit

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): bōzhǒng, bòzhǒng

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄛㄓㄨㄥˇ, ㄅㄛˋ ㄓㄨㄥˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): bo³ zung²
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pò͘-chéng

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bōzhǒng
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄛㄓㄨㄥˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bojhǒng
  - Wade–Giles: po¹-chung³
  - Yale: bwō-jǔng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bojoong
  - Palladius: бочжун (bočžun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
  - Homophones:
    [Show/Hide]
    ^edit
    ^edit
    嶓冢
    播種／播种
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bòzhǒng
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˋ ㄓㄨㄥˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bòjhǒng
  - Wade–Giles: po⁴-chung³
  - Yale: bwò-jǔng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bohjoong
  - Palladius: бочжун (bočžun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: bo³ zung²
  - Yale: bo júng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bo³ dzung²
  - Guangdong Romanization: bo³ zung²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɔː³³ t͡sʊŋ³⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pò͘-chéng
  - Tâi-lô: pòo-tsíng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: porzeang
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /pɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /pɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɪŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɪŋ⁵³/

Verb edit

播⫽種 (verb-object)

(intransitive) to sow seeds

Synonyms edit

下子 (xiàzǐ)
下種／下种
播
撒種／撒种 (sǎzhǒng)

Dialectal synonyms of 播種 (“to sow seeds”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		下種
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		播種, 撒種, 下種, 下子
Mandarin	Taiwan	播種, 撒種
	Jinan	下種, 播種
	Yinchuan	撒種
	Lanzhou	下子, 下種
	Xining	下種
	Ürümqi	下種
	Liuzhou	播種, 撒種
	Xuzhou	下種
	Yangzhou	下種, 播種
	Nanjing	播種, 撒種
Cantonese	Guangzhou	落種
	Hong Kong	播種
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	下種, 落種
	Macau	落種
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	落種
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	撒秧
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	撒秧
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	落種
	Foshan	播種
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	落種
	Foshan (Shunde)	落種
	Foshan (Sanshui)	下種
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	下秧
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	下種
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	下種
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	落種
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	下種
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	下秧
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	下秧
	Taishan	下秧
	Kaiping (Chikan)	下秧
	Enping (Niujiang)	下秧
	Heshan (Yayao)	下秧
	Dongguan	落種
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	下秧
Gan	Lichuan	下種
Hakka	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	下秧, 下種
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	下種
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	下種, 下穀種
	Conghua (Lütian)	落穀
Jin	Taiyuan	種子子
Jin	Xinzhou	滴子兒
Northern Min	Jian'ou	下種, 撒種
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	䆊種
Southern Min	Xiamen	掖種, 放種, 落種, 落塗
	Quanzhou	掖種, 掖子, 落種, 落塗
	Zhangzhou	掖種, 掖子, 放子, 落種, 落塗
	Tainan	掖種
	Jieyang	掖種, 落塗
	Haikou	掖種
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	下秧
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	撒種
Wu	Shanghai (Chongming)	下種子
	Hangzhou	下種
	Wenzhou	間種
Xiang	Changsha	下種

Derived terms edit

播種機／播种机

Etymology 2 edit

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): bōzhòng, bòzhòng

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄛㄓㄨㄥˋ, ㄅㄛˋ ㄓㄨㄥˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): bo³ zung³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): pô-chung
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): pò͘-chèng

(Teochew, Peng'im): bua³ zêng³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bōzhòng
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄛㄓㄨㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bojhòng
  - Wade–Giles: po¹-chung⁴
  - Yale: bwō-jùng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bojonq
  - Palladius: бочжун (bočžun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bòzhòng
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˋ ㄓㄨㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bòjhòng
  - Wade–Giles: po⁴-chung⁴
  - Yale: bwò-jùng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bohjonq
  - Palladius: бочжун (bočžun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: bo³ zung³
  - Yale: bo jung
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bo³ dzung³
  - Guangdong Romanization: bo³ zung³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɔː³³ t͡sʊŋ³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pô-chung
  - Hakka Romanization System: bo´ zung
  - Hagfa Pinyim: bo¹ zung⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /po²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡suŋ⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pò͘-chèng
  - Tâi-lô: pòo-tsìng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: porzexng
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɪŋ²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: bua³ zêng³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: puà tsèng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡seŋ²¹³/

Verb edit

播種

(transitive) to grow by sowing seeds

Japanese edit

Etymology 1 edit

Kanji in this term
播	種
は Jinmeiyō	しゅ Grade: 4
on’yomi	goon

Appears to be a learned borrowing from Chinese 播種／播种. Ultimately from Middle Chinese compound 播種／播种 (pa^H tsyowng^X, literally “to sow + seed”) or 播種／播种 (pa^H tsyowng^H, literally “to sow + to sow”). First cited in Japanese to 1872.^[1]

Pronunciation edit

(Tokyo) はしゅ [háꜜshù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]^[3]^[4]
IPA^(key): [ha̠ɕɨᵝ]

Noun edit

播(は)種(しゅ) • (hashu)

[from 1872] sowing, the spreading of seed on the ground for growing a crop
Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)
[date unknown] (rare, medicine) dissemination (the spreading out of cells within the body, particularly cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)
Synonyms: 散在 (sanzai), 汎発 (hanpatsu)

Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasis”)

Derived terms edit

Derived terms

播種機(はしゅき) (hashuki) a sower, a device or machine for sowing seeds
播種性(はしゅせい) (hashusei) disseminated (said of a disease)

Verb edit

播(は)種(しゅ)する • (hashu suru) suru (stem 播(は)種(しゅ)し (hashu shi), past 播(は)種(しゅ)した (hashu shita))

[from 1872] (transitive) to sow, to spread seed on the ground for growing a crop
Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)
[date unknown] (rare, intransitive, medicine) to disseminate (to spread out within the body, particularly for cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)
Synonyms: 散在 (sanzai), 汎発 (hanpatsu)

Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasize”)

Conjugation edit

Conjugation of "播種する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	播種し	はしゅし	hashu shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	播種し	はしゅし	hashu shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	播種する	はしゅする	hashu suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	播種する	はしゅする	hashu suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	播種すれ	はしゅすれ	hashu sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	播種せよ¹ 播種しろ²	はしゅせよ¹ はしゅしろ²	hashu seyo¹ hashu shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	播種される	はしゅされる	hashu sareru
Causative	播種させる播種さす	はしゅさせるはしゅさす	hashu saseru hashu sasu
Potential	播種できる	はしゅできる	hashu dekiru
Volitional	播種しよう	はしゅしよう	hashu shiyō
Negative	播種しない	はしゅしない	hashu shinai
Negative continuative	播種せず	はしゅせず	hashu sezu
Formal	播種します	はしゅします	hashu shimasu
Perfective	播種した	はしゅした	hashu shita
Conjunctive	播種して	はしゅして	hashu shite
Hypothetical conditional	播種すれば	はしゅすれば	hashu sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
播	種
はん Jinmeiyō	しゅ Grade: 4
kan’yōon	goon

Variation of hashu reading, using the kan'yōon of han for the first character. First cited to 1879.^[1]

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): [hã̠ɰ̃ɕɨᵝ]

Noun edit

播(はん)種(しゅ) • (hanshu)

[from 1879] (rare) sowing, the spreading of seed on the ground for growing a crop
Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)
[date unknown] (medicine) dissemination (the spreading out of cells within the body, particularly cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)
Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasis”)

Verb edit

播(はん)種(しゅ)する • (hanshu suru) suru (stem 播(はん)種(しゅ)し (hanshu shi), past 播(はん)種(しゅ)した (hanshu shita))

[from 1879] (rare, transitive) to sow, to spread seed on the ground for growing a crop
Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)
[date unknown] (intransitive, medicine) to disseminate (to spread out within the body, particularly for cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)
Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasize”)

Usage notes edit

Although some dictionaries^[1]^[5]^[6] list this separate reading with a distinct sense, other dictionaries^[2]^[7]^[3]^[4] do not list any hanshu reading, and if they include the medical dissemination sense, they do so under the hanshu reading.^[1]
The Microsoft IME for Japanese only recognizes the hashu reading for this kanji compound.

Conjugation edit

Conjugation of "播種する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	播種し	はしゅし	hashu shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	播種し	はしゅし	hashu shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	播種する	はしゅする	hashu suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	播種する	はしゅする	hashu suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	播種すれ	はしゅすれ	hashu sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	播種せよ¹ 播種しろ²	はしゅせよ¹ はしゅしろ²	hashu seyo¹ hashu shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	播種される	はしゅされる	hashu sareru
Causative	播種させる播種さす	はしゅさせるはしゅさす	hashu saseru hashu sasu
Potential	播種できる	はしゅできる	hashu dekiru
Volitional	播種しよう	はしゅしよう	hashu shiyō
Negative	播種しない	はしゅしない	hashu shinai
Negative continuative	播種せず	はしゅせず	hashu sezu
Formal	播種します	はしゅします	hashu shimasu
Perfective	播種した	はしゅした	hashu shita
Conjunctive	播種して	はしゅして	hashu shite
Hypothetical conditional	播種すれば	はしゅすれば	hashu sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 “播種”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
^ http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/149124/m3u/%E6%92%AD%E7%A8%AE/
^ “播種”, in デジタル大辞泉‎^[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months

[KDJ2-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 “播種”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000

[DJR-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[SMK5-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-4] 4.0 ^4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

[K-5] Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

[goo-6] ttp://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/149124/m3u/%E6%92%AD%E7%A8%AE/

[DDJS-7] “播種”, in デジタル大辞泉‎^[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

播種

Contents

Chinese edit

Etymology 1 edit

Pronunciation edit

Verb edit

Synonyms edit

Derived terms edit

Etymology 2 edit

Pronunciation edit

Verb edit

Japanese edit

Etymology 1 edit

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

Derived terms edit

Verb edit

Conjugation edit

Etymology 2 edit

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

Verb edit

Usage notes edit

Conjugation edit

Further reading edit

References edit