擁

Translingual edit

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 457, character 26
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12781
Dae Jaweon: page 806, character 9
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1972, character 1
Unihan data for U+64C1

Chinese edit

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 擁
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (邕) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
郺	qoːŋʔ, qoŋ
齆	*qoːŋs
甕	*qoːŋs
罋	qoːŋs, qoŋ
雍	qoŋ, qoŋs
邕	*qoŋ
嗈	*qoŋ
灉	qoŋ, qoŋs
癰	*qoŋ
廱	*qoŋ
雝	*qoŋ
壅	qoŋ, qoŋʔ, *qoŋs
饔	*qoŋ
噰	*qoŋ
澭	*qoŋ
擁	qoŋ, qoŋʔ
臃	*qoŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qoŋ, *qoŋʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 雍 (OC *qoŋ, *qoŋs).

Pronunciation 1 edit

trad.		擁
simp.		拥
alternative forms		𢹬𢹭𢺠𢶜㨣𢹬𢹭𢺠𢶜㨣雍

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yōng, yǒng

(Zhuyin): ㄩㄥ, ㄩㄥˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jung²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yúng
Eastern Min (BUC): é̤ṳng / ṳ̆ng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): iong / ióng / iòng

(Teochew, Peng'im): iong³
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ¹ion; ⁵ion

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yōng
  - Zhuyin: ㄩㄥ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yong
  - Wade–Giles: yung¹
  - Yale: yūng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iong
  - Palladius: юн (jun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yǒng
  - Zhuyin: ㄩㄥˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yǒng
  - Wade–Giles: yung³
  - Yale: yǔng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeong
  - Palladius: юн (jun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jung²
  - Yale: yúng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jung²
  - Guangdong Romanization: yung²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ³⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yúng
  - Hakka Romanization System: iung`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yung³
  - Sinological IPA: /i̯uŋ³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yúng
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)iung`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yung³
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯uŋ³¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: é̤ṳng / ṳ̆ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /øyŋ²¹³/, /yŋ⁵⁵/

Note:

é̤ṳng - colloquial;
ṳ̆ng - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iong
  - Tâi-lô: iong
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iofng
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /iɔŋ³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ióng
  - Tâi-lô: ióng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iorng
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɔŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /iɔŋ⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iòng
  - Tâi-lô: iòng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ioxng
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /iɔŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iɔŋ²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: iong³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iòng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ioŋ²¹³/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ¹ion; ⁵ion
  - MiniDict: ion^平; ion^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹ion; ²ion
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ioŋ⁵³/, /ioŋ³⁴/

Middle Chinese: 'jowngX

Rime
Character	擁
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	於隴切
Baxter	'jowngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔɨoŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔioŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔioŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔuawŋ^X/
Li Rong	/ʔioŋ^X/
Wang Li	/ĭwoŋ^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔi̯woŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yǒng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jung²

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*qoŋ/, /*qoŋʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	擁	擁
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	15416	15418
Phonetic component	邕	邕
Rime group	東	東
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	邕	擁
Old Chinese	/*qoŋ/	/*qoŋʔ/

Definitions edit

擁

to embrace; to hug someone
to wrap around; to squeeze
to gather around; to crowd
to provide support; to protect
to have something; to possess; to hold
crowd of people
(dialectal Mandarin) to push
Alternative form of 壅 (“to obstruct”)

Compounds edit

Pronunciation 2 edit

trad.		擁
simp.		拥
alternative forms		㧬𢫨𢶜

Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ung²

(Taishan, Wiktionary): uung²

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ung²
  - Yale: úng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ung²
  - Guangdong Romanization: ung²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʊŋ³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: uung²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɵŋ⁵⁵/

Definitions edit

擁

(Cantonese) to push
擁車仔／拥车仔 [Cantonese] ― ung² ce¹ zai² [Jyutping] ― to push a cart

Synonyms edit

Dialectal synonyms of 推 (“to push”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		推
Mandarin	Beijing	推, 㩳, 搡
	Taiwan	推
	Harbin	㩳, 搡
	Jinan	推
	Zhengzhou	擁
	Xi'an	掀, 推
	Wuhan	推, 㩳, 揎
	Chengdu	推, 揎, 捎, 搊, 㩳
	Guilin	推
	Xuzhou	搑
	Yangzhou	推, 搡
	Hefei	推, 搡
	Singapore	推
Cantonese	Guangzhou	推, 擁
	Hong Kong	推, 擁
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	擁
	Taishan	擁
	Yangjiang	宿, 擁, 𢱤
Gan	Nanchang	推, 揎, 㩳
Hakka	Meixian	𢱤
	Xingning	𢱤
	Huidong (Daling)	𢱤
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	擁
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	擁
	Changting	𢱤
	Wuping	𢱤
	Wuping (Pingyu)	𢱤
	Liancheng	𢱤
	Ninghua	𢱤
	Yudu	𢱤
	Ruijin	𢱤
	Shicheng	𢱤
	Shangyou (Shexi)	𢱤
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	𢱤
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	𢱤
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	𢱤
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	𢱤
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	𢱤
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	𢳪
	Hong Kong	推, 𢱤, 擁
Jin	Taiyuan	推
Northern Min	Jian'ou	捵, 𢱤
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	捵, 𢱤
Eastern Min	Fuqing	挨, 捵
Southern Min	Xiamen	㧣, 捒, 攄
	Quanzhou	捒, 攄
	Jinjiang	㧣
	Zhangzhou	㧣, 捒, 攄
	Taipei	攄
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	攄
	Kaohsiung	攄
	Yilan	攄
	Changhua (Lukang)	攄, 㧣
	Taichung	攄, 㧣
	Tainan	攄
	Hsinchu	攄, 㧣
	Kinmen	攄, 㧣
	Penghu (Magong)	攄
	Penang (Hokkien)	捒, 攄
	Singapore (Hokkien)	㧣
	Manila (Hokkien)	㧣
	Chaozhou	攆, 舁
	Shantou	推, 攆
	Jieyang	攆
	Singapore (Teochew)	攆, 㧣
Wu	Shanghai	推
	Suzhou	推
	Ningbo	推
	Wenzhou	㨄, 推
Xiang	Changsha	寵, 推
Xiang	Shuangfeng	攮, 搡

Compounds edit

References edit

Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01677
“擁”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

擁

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

to hold
to embrace
to protect

Readings edit

Go-on: ゆ (yu)^{←ゆ (yu, historical)}
Kan-on: よう (yō, Jōyō)^{←よう (you, historical)}
Kun: いだく (idaku, 擁く); だく (daku, 擁く); まもる (mamoru, 擁る)

Etymology edit

Kanji in this term
擁
よう Grade: S
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 擁 (MC 'jowngX).

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): [jo̞ː]

Affix edit

擁(よう) • (yō)

to embrace; to protect

Derived terms edit

擁(よう)遏(あつ) (yōatsu)
擁(よう)閼(あつ) (yōatsu)
擁(よう)衛(えい) (yōei)
擁(よう)掩(えん) (yōen)
擁(よう)経(けい) (yōkei)
擁(よう)護(ご) (yōgo, “to protect; to advocate; to support”)
擁(よう)膝(しつ) (yōshitsu)
擁(よう)腫(しょう) (yōshō)
擁(よう)彗(すい) (yōsui)
擁(よう)する (yōsuru, “to have; to possess”)
擁(よう)擠(せい) (yōsei)
擁(よう)塞(そく) (yōsoku)
擁(よう)戴(たい) (yōtai)
擁(よう)覆(ふく) (yōfuku)
擁(よう)蔽(へい) (yōhei) (壅(よう)蔽(へい))
擁(よう)壁(へき) (yōheki, “retaining wall”)
擁(よう)佑(ゆう), 擁(よう)右(ゆう), 擁(よう)祐(ゆう) (yōyū)
擁(よう)立(りつ) (yōritsu, “to field; to recruit a candidate”)
培(ばい)擁(よう) (baiyō) (培(ばい)壅(よう))
抱(ほう)擁(よう) (hōyō, “to embrace; to hug”)

Korean edit

Hanja edit

擁 (eumhun 낄 옹 (kkil ong))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

擁: Hán Nôm readings: ủng

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References edit

Nom Foundation

擁

Translingual edit

Han character edit

Derived characters edit

Related characters edit

References edit

Chinese edit

Glyph origin edit

Pronunciation 1 edit

Definitions edit

Compounds edit

Pronunciation 2 edit

Definitions edit

Synonyms edit

Compounds edit

References edit

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

Readings edit

Etymology edit

Pronunciation edit

Affix edit

Derived terms edit

Korean edit

Hanja edit

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

References edit