曆

See also: 暦 and 历

曆	U+66C6, 曆 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-66C6

← 曅
[U+66C5]

CJK Unified Ideographs

曇 →
[U+66C7]

曆	U+F98B, 曆 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F98B

← 力
[U+F98A]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

歷 →
[U+F98C]

Translingual edit

Traditional	曆
Shinjitai	暦
Simplified	历

Han character edit

曆 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 一竹木日 (MHDA) or 一木日 (MDA), four-corner 7126₉, composition ⿸厤日)

Related characters edit

歷, 磿

Derived characters edit

𤃝, 𦏩

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 500, character 10
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14171
Dae Jaweon: page 870, character 8
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1536, character 2
Unihan data for U+66C6

Unihan data for U+F98B

Chinese edit

trad.		曆/歷
simp.		历^*
alternative forms		暦厤𢍷

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (秝) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
秝	*reːɡ
歷	*reːɡ
曆	*reːɡ
磿	*reːɡ
靂	*reːɡ
癧	*reːɡ
櫪	*reːɡ
藶	*reːɡ
瀝	*reːɡ
攊	*reːɡ
厤	*reːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːɡ) : phonetic 厤 (OC *reːɡ) + semantic 日 (“sun; day”).

Etymology edit

Derivative, meaning "calendar" < "calendrical calculations" (Shu), of 歷 (OC *rêk) "to calculate". See there for more.

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): lì (li⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ni²
Cantonese (Jyutping): lik⁶
Gan (Wiktionary): lit⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): la̍k

(Meixian, Guangdong): lag⁶
Jin (Wiktionary): lieh⁴
Northern Min (KCR): lĭ
Eastern Min (BUC): lĭk
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): la̍h / lia̍k / le̍k

(Teochew, Peng'im): lêh⁸ / lah⁸
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁸liq
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): li⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lì
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lì
  - Wade–Giles: li⁴
  - Yale: lì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lih
  - Palladius: ли (li)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: ni²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: li
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: lik⁶
  - Yale: lihk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lik⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: lig⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪk̚²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: lit⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lit̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: la̍k
  - Hakka Romanization System: lag
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lag⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /lak̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: lag⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /lak̚⁵/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: lieh⁴
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /liəʔ²/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lĭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li²⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: lĭk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃iʔ⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: la̍h
  - Tâi-lô: la̍h
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lah
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /laʔ⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /laʔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /laʔ¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍k
  - Tâi-lô: lia̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liak
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liak̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: le̍k
  - Tâi-lô: li̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lek
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /liɪk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪk̚¹²¹/

Note:

la̍h - vernacular;
lia̍k/le̍k - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: lêh⁸ / lah⁸
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: le̍h / la̍h
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /leʔ⁴/, /laʔ⁴/

Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁸liq
  - MiniDict: lih^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵liq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /liɪʔ¹²/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: li⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li²⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 曆
Mandarin	Beijing	/li⁵¹/
	Harbin	/li⁵³/
	Tianjin	/li⁵³/
	Jinan	/li²¹/
	Qingdao	/li⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/li²⁴/
	Xi'an	/li²¹/
	Xining	/l̩⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/li¹³/
	Lanzhou	/li¹³/
	Ürümqi	/li²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ni²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ni³¹/
	Guiyang	/ni²¹/
	Kunming	/li³¹/
	Nanjing	/li⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/liəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/liəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/liʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/liəʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/liɪʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/liəʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/liəʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/lei²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/li²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/le¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/li²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ni²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/liʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/lak̚⁵/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/lɑk̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/lek̚²/
	Nanning	/lek̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/lik̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/lik̚⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/liʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/li²⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/leʔ⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/lek̚³/

Middle Chinese: lek

Rime
Character	曆
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	青 (127)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	郎擊切
Baxter	lek
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lek̚/
Pan Wuyun	/lek̚/
Shao Rongfen	/lɛk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɛjk̚/
Li Rong	/lek̚/
Wang Li	/liek̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/liek̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lik⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤek/

(Zhengzhang): /*reːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	曆
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lì
Middle Chinese	‹ lek ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]ˁek/
English	calculate (astronomically)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.