混

Translingual edit

Han character edit

混 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 水日心心 (EAPP), four-corner 3611₁, composition ⿰氵昆)

Derived characters edit

𠽞, 𮭓, 𦹲

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 632, character 14
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17694
Dae Jaweon: page 1036, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1648, character 9
Unihan data for U+6DF7

Chinese edit

trad.		混
simp. ^#		混

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (昆) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
昆	*kuːn
琨	*kuːn
鯤	*kuːn
菎	*kuːn
崐	*kuːn
蜫	*kuːn
惃	kuːn, kuːnʔ
錕	kuːn, kuːnʔ
猑	*kuːn
騉	*kuːn
緄	*kuːnʔ
輥	*kuːnʔ
棍	kuːns, ɡuːnʔ
餛	*ɡuːn
混	*ɡuːnʔ
焜	*ɡuːnʔ
倱	*ɡuːnʔ
掍	*ɡuːnʔ
箟	*kʰrun

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡuːnʔ) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 昆 (OC *kuːn).

Pronunciation 1 edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): hùn, hún, hǔn (hun⁴, hun², hun³)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄣˋ, ㄏㄨㄣˊ, ㄏㄨㄣˇ

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хун (hun, III)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): wan⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): vun⁵
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fun
Eastern Min (BUC): hông
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hūn / hùn

(Teochew, Peng'im): hung⁶
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶wen / ⁶wen; ⁵huen

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese; Beijing dialect)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hùn
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hùn
  - Wade–Giles: hun⁴
  - Yale: hwùn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huenn
  - Palladius: хунь (xunʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ən⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, variant; Beijing dialect)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hún
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hún
  - Wade–Giles: hun²
  - Yale: hwún
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwen
  - Palladius: хунь (xunʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ən³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan; Beijing dialect)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hǔn
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hǔn
  - Wade–Giles: hun³
  - Yale: hwǔn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hoen
  - Palladius: хунь (xunʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ən²¹⁴/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хун (hun, III)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xuŋ⁴⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: wan⁶
  - Yale: wahn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: wan⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: wen⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /wɐn²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: vun⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /vun³²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fun
  - Hakka Romanization System: fun
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fun⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /fun⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hông
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /houŋ²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hūn
  - Tâi-lô: hūn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hun
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hun⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hun³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hun²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hùn
  - Tâi-lô: hùn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: huxn
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hun²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hung⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hŭng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /huŋ³⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶wen
  - MiniDict: wen^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhun
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦuən²³/
- (Suzhou)
  - Wugniu: ⁶wen; ⁵huen
  - MiniDict: wen^去; huen^去
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /ɦuən²³¹/, /huən⁵²³/

Note: ⁵huen (Suzhounese) - to waste (eg. 混日腳／混日脚 (⁵huen ⁸gniq ciaq₇)).

Middle Chinese: hwonX

Rime
Character	混
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	魂 (55)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡本切
Baxter	hwonX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦuən^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦuon^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣuən^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦwən^X/
Li Rong	/ɣuən^X/
Wang Li	/ɣuən^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣuən^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hùn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	wan⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡuːnʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	混
Reading #	1/1
No.	7536
Phonetic component	昆
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	混
Old Chinese	/*ɡuːnʔ/

Definitions edit

混

(literary, obsolete) torrential
(literary or dialectal) turbid
to mix; to blend
搞混 ― gǎohùn ― to confuse (two things); to mix up

混為一談／混为一谈 ― hùnwéiyītán ― to equate; to muddle

把紅豆和綠豆混在一起 [MSC, trad.]
把红豆和绿豆混在一起 [MSC, simp.]
bǎ hóngdòu hé lǜdòu hùn zài yīqǐ [Pinyin]
to mix red beans and green beans
to pass off as
魚目混珠／鱼目混珠 ― yúmùhùnzhū ― to pass off fake products as genuine (literally, “to pass off fish eyes as pearls”)

這人是怎麼混進來的？ [MSC, trad.]
这人是怎么混进来的？ [MSC, simp.]
Zhè rén shì zěnme hùn jìn lái de? [Pinyin]
How did that person sneak in?
to muddle along
混日子 ― hùnrìzi ― to muck around; to drift through the days
to get along with somebody
我很快就跟他們混熟了。 [MSC, trad.]
我很快就跟他们混熟了。 [MSC, simp.]
Wǒ hěn kuài jiù gēn tāmen hùn shú le. [Pinyin]
I quickly became familiar with them.

別跟流氓混在一起。 [MSC, trad.]
别跟流氓混在一起。 [MSC, simp.]
Bié gēn liúmáng hùn zài yīqǐ. [Pinyin]
Stop hanging out with hooligans.
thoughtlessly; casually
(literary) to unite; to combine
(literary) to stir up trouble; to disturb
(literary) to joke
Used in 混沌 (hùndùn).

Synonyms edit

Dialectal synonyms of 混 (“to mix”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		混
Cantonese	Guangzhou	摳, 撈
	Hong Kong	摳, 撈
	Taishan	摳
Wu	Shanghai	混
Wu	Suzhou	混

Compounds edit

Pronunciation 2 edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hún (hun²)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄣˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hún
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hún
  - Wade–Giles: hun²
  - Yale: hwún
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwen
  - Palladius: хунь (xunʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ən³⁵/

Definitions edit

混

Used in personal names.
Alternative form of 渾／浑

Pronunciation 3 edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gǔn (gun³)

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄣˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gwan²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gǔn
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄣˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gǔn
  - Wade–Giles: kun³
  - Yale: gwǔn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: goen
  - Palladius: гунь (gunʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku̯ən²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gwan²
  - Yale: gwán
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gwan²
  - Guangdong Romanization: guen²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷɐn³⁵/

Definitions edit

混

Only used in 混混 (gǔngǔn, “alternative form of 滾滾; rolling along”).

Pronunciation 4 edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kūn (kun¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄣ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kūn
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄣ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kun
  - Wade–Giles: kʻun¹
  - Yale: kwūn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuen
  - Palladius: кунь (kunʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

Definitions edit

混

Used in 混夷.
Alternative form of 崑／昆 (Kūn)

References edit

“混”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

混

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

to blend, mix, merge (Can we add an example for this sense?)
to confuse

Readings edit

Go-on: こん (kon, Jōyō); ごん (gon)
Kan-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)
Kun: まぜる (mazeru, 混ぜる, Jōyō); まじる (majiru, 混じる, Jōyō); まざる (mazaru, 混ざる, Jōyō); こむ (komu, 混む, Jōyō)

Korean edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Middle Chinese 混 (MC hwonX).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅩᆫ〯 (Yale: hhwǒn) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 혼〯 (hwǒn) (Yale: hwǒn) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation edit

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɸʷo̞(ː)n]
Phonetic hangul: [혼(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.