港
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Translingual edit
Japanese | 港 |
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Simplified | 港 |
Traditional | 港 |
Alternative forms edit
Note that, as in 巷, in Chinese, the bottom is 巳, while in Japanese, the bottom is 己.
Han character edit
港 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 水廿金山 (ETCU), four-corner 34117, composition ⿰氵巷)
References edit
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 635, character 4
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17783
- Dae Jaweon: page 1042, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1668, character 7
- Unihan data for U+6E2F
Chinese edit
simp. and trad. |
港 | |
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alternative forms | 𣿑 |
Glyph origin edit
Old Chinese | |
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港 | *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs |
巷 | *ɡroːŋs |
衖 | *ɡroːŋs |
鬨 | *ɡroːŋs, *ɡloːŋs |
烘 | *qʰloːŋ, *qʰloːŋs, *ɡoːŋ, *ɡloːŋs |
洪 | *ɡloːŋ |
鉷 | *ɡloːŋ |
谼 | *ɡloːŋ |
葓 | *ɡoːŋ |
哄 | *ɡloːŋs |
蕻 | *ɡloːŋs |
恭 | *kloŋ |
供 | *kloŋ, *kloŋs |
龔 | *kloŋ |
珙 | *kloŋ, *kloŋʔ |
共 | *kloŋ, *ɡloŋs |
髸 | *kloŋ |
拱 | *kloŋʔ |
拲 | *kloŋʔ, *kloɡ |
蛬 | *kloŋʔ, *ɡloŋ |
栱 | *kloŋʔ |
輁 | *kloŋʔ, *ɡloŋ |
舼 | *ɡloŋ |
輂 | *kloɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs): semantic 水 (“river; water”) + phonetic 巷 (OC *ɡroːŋs).
Etymology 1 edit
Cognate with 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”) (Schuessler, 2007). The southern dialectal word originally meant "small river/stream", which is still preserved in some Min languages. The irregular pronunciation in Mandarin (expected Mandarin reflex is *jiǎng) originated from southern dialects where velars have not palatalized (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation edit
Definitions edit
港
- tributary of a larger river or lake
- (dialectal) river
- port; harbor
- large airport
- Short for 香港 (Xiānggǎng, “Hong Kong”).
- (colloquial) Hong Kong-styled
- (Hokkien) Classifier for fluids: stream
- a surname
Usage notes edit
- Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian (《现代汉语规范词典》) proscribes the use of the pronunciation jiǎng.
Synonyms edit
Compounds edit
- 下港 (ē-káng) (Min Nan)
- 不凍港/不冻港 (bùdònggǎng)
- 伸港 (Shēngǎng)
- 入港 (rùgǎng)
- 內港/内港
- 六港 (Liùgǎng)
- 出港 (chūgǎng)
- 北方大港
- 北港 (Běigǎng)
- 北港鎮/北港镇
- 千足港條/千足港条
- 南港 (Nángǎng)
- 卡港會議/卡港会议
- 商港 (shānggǎng)
- 四港 (Sìgǎng)
- 塞得港
- 塘沽新港
- 外港
- 太子港 (Tàizǐgǎng)
- 太湖港 (Tàihúgǎng)
- 安平港
- 封港
- 小港 (Xiǎogǎng, “Siaogang”)
- 工業港/工业港
- 巨港 (Jùgǎng)
- 布雷爾港/布雷尔港
- 引港 (yǐngǎng)
- 新港 (Xīngǎng)
- 新港口 (Xīngǎngkǒu)
- 新港鄉/新港乡
- 斷港絕潢/断港绝潢
- 木港 (Mùgǎng)
- 東港/东港 (Dōnggǎng)
- 榆林港 (Yúlíngǎng)
- 正港 (chiàⁿ-káng) (Min Nan)
- 毛家港 (Máojiāgǎng)
- 汊港 (chàgǎng)
- 河口港
- 洋港 (Yánggǎng)
- 海港 (hǎigǎng)
- 海港檢疫/海港检疫
- 港九 (Gǎng-Jiǔ)
- 港共 (Gǎnggòng)
- 港劇/港剧 (gǎngjù)
- 港務/港务 (gǎngwù)
- 港務局/港务局 (gǎngwùjú)
- 港北 (Gǎngběi)
- 港南 (Gǎngnán)
- 港口 (gǎngkǒu)
- 港商 (gǎngshāng)
- 港埠 (gǎngbù)
- 港子
- 港客
- 港尾 (Gǎngwěi)
- 港島/港岛 (Gǎngdǎo)
- 港市 (gǎngshì)
- 港幣/港币 (gǎngbì)
- 港式 (gǎngshì)
- 港星 (gǎngxīng)
- 港汊 (gǎngchà)
- 港澳 (Gǎng-Ào)
- 港澳辦/港澳办 (Gǎng'àobàn)
- 港灣/港湾 (gǎngwān)
- 港片 (gǎngpiàn)
- 港紙/港纸 (gǎngzhǐ)
- 港臺/港台 (Gǎng-Tái)
- 港臺文學/港台文学
- 港警 (gǎngjǐng)
- 港豬/港猪 (gǎngzhū)
- 港都
- 漁港/渔港 (yúgǎng)
- 珍珠港 (Zhēnzhūgǎng)
- 省港大罷工/省港大罢工 (Shěng-Gǎng Dàbàgōng)
- 自由港 (zìyóugǎng)
- 臺中港/台中港
- 航空港 (hángkōnggǎng)
- 草港 (Cǎogǎng)
- 虎門港/虎门港
- 西港 (Xīgǎng)
- 西班牙港 (Xībānyágǎng)
- 貔子窩港/貔子窝港
- 赤馬港/赤马港 (Chìmǎgǎng)
- 超深水港
- 軍港/军港 (jūngǎng)
- 通商港 (tōngshānggǎng)
- 連雲港/连云港 (Liányúngǎng)
- 避風港/避风港 (bìfēnggǎng)
- 鄢港 (Yāngǎng)
- 里港 (Lǐgǎng)
- 金港 (Jīngǎng)
- 長港/长港 (Chánggǎng)
- 防城港 (Fángchénggǎng, “Fangchenggang”)
- 陳家港/陈家港 (Chénjiāgǎng)
- 陳港/陈港 (Chéngǎng)
- 陶港 (Táogǎng)
- 雙港/双港 (Shuānggǎng)
- 領港/领港 (lǐnggǎng)
- 香港 (Xiānggǎng)
- 香港腳/香港脚 (xiānggǎngjiǎo)
- 香港衫
- 馬尾港/马尾港
- 馬賽港/马赛港
- 高雄港
- 鹿港 (Lùgǎng, “Lukang”)
- 黃石港/黄石港 (Huángshígǎng)
- 龍港/龙港 (Lónggǎng)
Etymology 2 edit
Pronunciation edit
Definitions edit
港
- Only used in 港洞.
Japanese edit
Shinjitai | 港 | |
Kyūjitai [1] |
港󠄁 港+ 󠄁 ?(Adobe-Japan1) |
|
港󠄃 港+ 󠄃 ?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |
Alternative forms edit
Kanji edit
Readings edit
- Go-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)←こう (kou, historical)
- Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)←かう (kau, historical)
- Kun: みなと (minato, 港, Jōyō)
Compounds edit
Etymology edit
Kanji in this term |
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港 |
みなと Grade: 3 |
kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. Attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[2][3] Reconstructed as deriving from Proto-Japonic *minato.
The traditional etymology that Japanese sources trace back to is a compound of 水 (mi-, “water”) + な (na, assimilated apophonic form of の (no, “genitive case marker”)) + 門 (to, “gate”).[3][4][5][6][7]
- However, this does not correlate cleanly with the etymology of 水 (mizu, “water”), reconstructed as Proto-Japonic *mentu (“water”). Then again, there are numerous attested words where 水 (mi) is used as the first and last element in compounds, suggesting either that the derivation of 水 (mizu) might differ.
Vovin, on the other hand suggests that the initial mi- was 御 (mi-, “honorific prefix”), while -na- meant "water", possibly from Proto-Tai *C̬.namꟲ (“water”).[8] Compare 涙 (namida, “tears”), 菜葱, 水葱 (nagi, “Monochoria vaginalis”), 漬く (nazuku, “soak in water”, obsolete).
- However, this may present semantic difficulties, as any native formation like namida that proposes "water" for the initial nam and "eye" for a following component reverses the usual word-formation pattern for Japanese, where the main or head noun comes last. In addition, the na element appears in other words with no relation to "water", as an assimilated apophonic form of genitive particle の (no), seen in terms such as 掌 (tanagokoro, “palm of the hand”, literally “hand's heart/center”), 眼間 (manakai, “where the lines of sight of the eyes converge”, literally “eyes' exchanging/crossing”).
Pronunciation edit
Audio (file)
Noun edit
- [from 720] a sluice; a section of a river to let water in and out
- 905–914, Kokin Wakashū (book 5, poem 293)
- もみぢ葉の流れてとまる水門には紅深き波や立つらむ
- momiji ba no nagarete tomaru minato niha kurenai fukaki nami ya tatsuramu
- At the end of the river gate where there are autumn leaves, there are deep red waves! I shall stop...
- もみぢ葉の流れてとまる水門には紅深き波や立つらむ
- 905–914, Kokin Wakashū (book 5, poem 293)
- [from 720] a port, harbour; a place where boats can unload
- [from 1205] (figurative) a stop
Proper noun edit
- Minato (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)
- an administrative district in Nagoya prefecture
- an administrative district in Osaka Prefecture
- a male given name
References edit
- ^ “港”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)[1] (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015–2024
- ^ Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), →ISBN, page 713
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 “み‐な‐と 【港・湊・水門】”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) [2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006) 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ “港”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen][3] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
- ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998) 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997) 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Vovin, Alexander (2010), “上代日本語と古代・中世韓国語の「水」と「涙」”, in 日韓言語学者会議 (in Japanese), 麗澤大学言語研究センター, pages 115-120
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998) NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
Korean edit
Etymology edit
From Middle Chinese 港 (MC kaewngX).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 가ᇰ〯 (Yale: kǎng) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[4] | 개〮 (Yale: káy) | 하ᇰ〯 (Yale: hǎng) |
Pronunciation edit
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ha̠(ː)ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [항(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja edit
港 (eumhun 항구(港口) 항 (hanggu hang))
Compounds edit
References edit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [5]