so; thus; like this so; thus; like this; ‑ly; correct; right |
and; as well as; but (not) and; as well as; but (not); yet (not); (shows causal relation); (shows change of state); (shows contrast) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (然而) | 然 | 而 | |
| simp. #(然而) | 然 | 而 | |
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 然 | 而 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (77) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 如延切 | 如之切 |
| Baxter | nyen | nyi |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ȵiᴇn/ | /ȵɨ/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/ȵiɛn/ | /ȵɨ/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/ȵʑjæn/ | /ȵʑie/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ȵian/ | /ȵɨ/ |
| Li Rong |
/ȵiɛn/ | /ȵiə/ |
| Wang Li |
/ȵʑĭɛn/ | /ȵʑĭə/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/ȵʑi̯ɛn/ | /ȵʑi/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
rán | ér |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex |
jin4 | ji4 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 然 | 而 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
rán | ér |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ nyen › | ‹ nyi › |
| Old Chinese |
/*[n]a[n]/ | /*nə/ |
| English | so, thus; (adv suffix) | and, but |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | ||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 然 | 而 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 10756 | 2720 |
| Phonetic component |
肰 | 而 |
| Rime group |
元 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision |
2 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
然 | 而 |
| Old Chinese |
/*njen/ | /*njɯ/ |
然而