瑪瑙

See also: 玛瑙 and 玛𰡻

Chinese

trad. (瑪瑙)		瑪	瑙
simp. (玛瑙)		玛	瑙
nonstandard simp.		玛𰡻
alternative forms		碼碯／码碯 碼瑙／码瑙 馬瑙／马瑙 馬腦／马脑

Etymology

From earlier 馬腦 (mǎnǎo, “horse's brain”), as a (probably mistranslated) calque of Sanskrit अश्मगर्भ (aśmagarbha, “gemstone”, literally “stone + [womb, fetus, or kernel]”) from translated Buddhist texts. Could be a mistranslation, since “horse” in Sanskrit is अश्व (aśva).

Compare Tibetan རྟ་ཀླད (rta klad, “agate”, literally “horse + brain”), said to be a Chinese calque, which is later semantically regularised into རྡོ་ཀླད (rdo klad, “agate”, literally “stone + brain”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): mǎnǎo

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄚˇ ㄋㄠˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): maa⁵ nou⁵
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mâ-nó
• Eastern Min (BUC): mā-nō̤
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): má-ló / má-nó͘ / bé-ló / bée-ló

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ma² nao²

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁶mo-nau

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: mǎnǎo [Phonetic: mánǎo]
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄚˇ ㄋㄠˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: mǎnǎo
    • Wade–Giles: ma³-nao³
    • Yale: mǎ-nǎu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: maanao
    • Palladius: манао (manao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ nɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: maa⁵ nou⁵
    • Yale: máh nóuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: maa⁵ nou⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: ma⁵ nou⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /maː¹³ nou̯¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mâ-nó
    • Hakka Romanization System: ma´ no`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ma¹ no³
    • Sinological IPA: /ma²⁴ no³¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: mā-nō̤
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ma³³⁻³⁵ nˡo³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: má-ló
    • Tâi-lô: má-ló
    • Phofsit Daibuun: mafloir
    • IPA (Xiamen): /mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lo⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: má-nó͘
    • Tâi-lô: má-nóo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: mafnor
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nɔ̃⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bé-ló
    • Tâi-lô: bé-ló
    • Phofsit Daibuun: befloir
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /be⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lo⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lo⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /be⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɤ⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bée-ló
    • Tâi-lô: bée-ló
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɛ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lo⁵³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ma² nao²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: má náu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ma⁵²⁻³⁵ nau⁵²⁻²¹/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁶mo-nau
    • MiniDict: mo^去 nau
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³mo-nau
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /mo²² nɔ⁴⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: maeX nawX

Rime
Character	瑪	瑙
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	泥 (8)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)	豪 (89)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	I
Fanqie	莫下切	奴晧切
Baxter	maeX	nawX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mˠaX/	/nɑuX/
Pan Wuyun	/mᵚaX/	/nɑuX/
Shao Rongfen	/maX/	/nɑuX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/maɨX/	/nawX/
Li Rong	/maX/	/nɑuX/
Wang Li	/maX/	/nɑuX/
Bernard Karlgren	/maX/	/nɑuX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mǎ	nǎo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	maa5	nou5

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*mraːʔ  nuːʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	瑪	瑙
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	8720	9372
Phonetic component	馬	匘
Rime group	魚	幽
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	馬	堖
Old Chinese	/*mraːʔ/	/*nuːʔ/
Notes	古作馬	同碯見漢王粲賦

Noun

瑪瑙

1. (mineralogy) agate

Derived terms

• 瑪瑙紋／玛瑙纹
• 紅瑪瑙／红玛瑙 (hóngmǎnǎo)
• 縞瑪瑙／缟玛瑙 (gǎomǎnǎo)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (瑪瑙):

• → Japanese: 瑪(め)瑙(のう) (menō)
• → Korean: 마노(瑪瑙) (mano)
• → Vietnamese: mã não (瑪瑙)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
瑪	瑙
め Hyōgaiji	のう Hyōgaiji
goon

Alternative spelling
馬瑙 (rare)

Etymology

/menau/ → /menɔː/ → /menoː/

First attested in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).

From Middle Chinese 瑪瑙 (MC maeX nawX).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) め​のー [méꜜnòò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• (Tokyo) めのー [mènóó] (Heiban – [0])
• (Tokyo) めの​ー [mènóꜜò] (Nakadaka – [2])
• IPA^(key): [me̞no̞ː]

Noun

瑪(め)瑙(のう) or 瑪瑙(メノウ) • (menō) ^{←めなう (menau) or メナウ (menau)?}

1. (mineralogy) an agate

Derived terms

• 苔(こけ)瑪(め)瑙(のう) (koke menō, “moss agate”)
• 縞(しま)瑪(め)瑙(のう) (shima-menō, “onyx, sardonyx”)

Proper noun

瑪(め)瑙(のう) • (Menō) ^{←めなう (Menau)?}

1. a female given name

Korean

Hanja in this term
瑪	瑙

Noun

瑪瑙 • (mano) (hangeul 마노)

1. Hanja form^? of 마노 (“agate”).

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
瑪	瑙

Noun

瑪瑙

1. chữ Hán form of mã não (“agate”).