皆

See also: 昆

皆	U+7686, 皆 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7686

← 皅
[U+7685]

CJK Unified Ideographs

皇 →
[U+7687]

Translingual edit

Han character edit

皆 (Kangxi radical 106, 白+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 心心竹日 (PPHA), four-corner 2160₁, composition ⿱比白)

Derived characters edit

偕,楷,諧,階

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 786, character 12
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 22699
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2647, character 1
Unihan data for U+7686

Chinese edit

trad.		皆
simp. ^#		皆
alternative forms		𣅜

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 皆
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (皆) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
皆	*kriːl
偕	*kriːl
階	*kriːl
喈	*kriːl
稭	kriːl, kriːd
堦	*kriːl
楷	kriːl, kʰriːlʔ
鶛	*kriːl
湝	kriːl, ɡriːl
蝔	kriːl, ɡriːl
鍇	kriːl, kʰriːlʔ
揩	*kʰriːl
諧	*ɡriːl
瑎	*ɡriːl
龤	*ɡriːl

Attested in bronze script as an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 比 (“two people; to compare”) + 曰 (“to speak”); to compare several people, hence all. 曰 later corrupts into 白. Based on the corrupted form, Shuowen reinterprets this character as a ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 比 + 白.

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiē (jie¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gaai¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kai

(Teochew, Peng'im): gai¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiē
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jie
  - Wade–Giles: chieh¹
  - Yale: jyē
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jie
  - Palladius: цзе (cze)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gaai¹
  - Yale: gāai
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gaai¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gai¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaːi̯⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kai
  - Tâi-lô: kai
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kay
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kai⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kai³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kai⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kai⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kai⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gai¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kai
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kai³³/

Middle Chinese: keaj

Rime
Character	皆
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	皆 (33)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	古諧切
Baxter	keaj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠɛi/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚæi/
Shao Rongfen	/kɐi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kəɨj/
Li Rong	/kɛi/
Wang Li	/kɐi/
Bernard Karlgren	/kăi/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiē
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gaai¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤrij/

(Zhengzhang): /*kriːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	皆
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiē
Middle Chinese	‹ kɛj ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁrij/
English	all
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	皆
Reading #	1/1
No.	6415
Phonetic component	皆
Rime group	脂
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	皆
Old Chinese	/*kriːl/

Definitions edit

皆

(literary) all; every; everybody
自古皆有死 ― zìgǔ jiē yǒu sǐ ― from of old, everyone is mortal (see 自古皆有死，民無信不立／自古皆有死，民无信不立 (zìgǔ jiē yǒu sǐ, mín wúxìnbùlì))
(Taiwan) zetta- (SI unit prefix)
Synonym: 泽 (zé) (mainland)

Synonyms edit

Dialectal synonyms of 都 (“all; both”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		皆, 均, 俱
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		都, 全, 皆, 均, 俱
Mandarin	Beijing	都, 全
	Taiwan	都
	Jinan	都, 全
	Xi'an	都
	Wuhan	都, 下
	Chengdu	都, 下
	Guilin	都
	Yangzhou	都, 全
	Hefei	都
	Malaysia	都
	Singapore	都
Cantonese	Guangzhou	都
	Hong Kong	都
	Yangjiang	都
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	都
	Singapore (Guangfu)	都
Gan	Nanchang	都
Hakka	Meixian	都
	Wuhua (Meilin)	都
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	都
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	都
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	都
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	都
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	都
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	攏
Jin	Taiyuan	都, 全
Northern Min	Jian'ou	都
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	都
Southern Min	Xiamen	攏, 計, 計計
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	攏
	Quanzhou	攏, 計, 計計
	Zhangzhou	攏, 計, 計計
	Zhao'an	攏
	Dongshan	攏
	Tainan	攏
	Penang (Hokkien)	到了
	Singapore (Hokkien)	攏, 攏總, 計
	Manila (Hokkien)	攏, 攏總
	Chaozhou	攏
	Shantou	攏
	Jieyang	攏
	Singapore (Teochew)	攏
	Wenchang	都
	Qionghai	攏
	Singapore (Hainanese)	攏
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	都
Wu	Shanghai	儕, 禿 obsolete
	Shanghai (Chongming)	儕, 孩
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	儕
	Suzhou	儕
	Wuxi	儕
	Haimen	儕, 孩, 純, 恆, 禿
	Tongxiang	儕
	Ningbo	和
	Wenzhou	沃
	Lishui	都
	Qingyuan	都
Xiang	Changsha	下, 都
Xiang	Shuangfeng	下

Compounds edit

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

皆

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings edit

Go-on: け (ke)
Kan-on: かい (kai, Jōyō)
Kun: みな (mina, 皆, Jōyō); みんな (minna, 皆)
Nanori: とも (tomo); み (mi); みち (michi)

Etymology 1 edit

Kanji in this term
皆
みな Grade: S
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 皆 – see the following entry.

【みな】	[noun] everyone, everybody [noun] all, everything

(This term, 皆, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
皆
みんな Grade: S
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 皆 – see the following entry.

【みんな】

[noun] everyone, everybody

[noun] all, everything

Alternative spelling
皆んな

(This term, 皆, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3 edit

Kanji in this term
皆
かい Grade: S
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 皆 (MC keaj).

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): [ka̠i]

Affix edit

皆(かい) • (kai)

all; every

Korean edit

Hanja edit

皆 • (gae) (hangeul 개, revised gae, McCune–Reischauer kae, Yale kay)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

皆: Hán Nôm readings: giai

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Zhuang edit

Verb edit

皆

Sawndip form of gai (“to sell”)