Wiktionary

直

See also: 真
直 U+76F4, 直
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-76F4
← 盳
[U+76F3] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 盵 →
[U+76F5]

直 U+FAA8, 直
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FAA8
← 盛
[U+FAA7] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 睊 →
[U+FAA9]
直 U+2F940, 直
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F940
← 䀈
[U+2F93F] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 𥃳 →
[U+2F941]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
(Chinese)
 
Stroke order
(Japan)
 
Stroke order (Japan)
 

Alternative forms edit

Note the different forms, which differ in two respects: both Simplified and Traditional do not have a left vertical stroke, while the orthodox form has a left vertical stroke; and in simplified form, the top component is connected with the bottom, while in the orthodox they are separated – this last difference is shared with unrelated characters 真 and 具. The older form and stroke order are officially used in Japan and South Korea but an alternative writing in other countries.

Han character edit

Traditional 直
Simplified 直
Japanese 直
Korean 直

直 (Kangxi radical 109, 目+3, 8 strokes, cangjie input 十月一一 (JBMM), four-corner 40716, composition ⿱十⿴𠀃三(GH) or ⿱𠂇⿴𠀃三(TV) or ⿱𠂇⿺𠃊目(JK))

Derived characters edit

See also edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 800, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23136
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1215, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 61, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+76F4

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.
 直
2nd round simp. 𰅰
alternative forms 直 old
⿱十且 1981

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 直
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
       
Characters in the same phonetic series (直) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
置 *tɯɡs
值 *dɯɡs, *dɯɡ
植 *dɯɡs, *djɯɡ
埴 *tʰjɯɡs, *djɯɡ
惪 *tɯːɡ
德 *tɯːɡ
稙 *tɯɡ
淔 *tʰɯɡ
直 *dɯɡ
犆 *dɯɡ
殖 *djɯɡ

Oracle bone script: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 目 (“eye”) + 丨 (“vertical stroke”) – vertical stroke above the eye; looking straight ahead.

The line on the side appears in bronze script and subsequently stretched under the 目 shape, while the traditional form appears in seal script.

Etymology edit

"simply; only"
According to Schuessler (2007), cognate with 特 (OC *dɯːɡ, “single”). Also compare Darmiya taku (“one”).
"straight; right"
According to STEDT, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tjak/ŋ ~ tik/ŋ (“good; very; real; straight”), which also includes 正 (OC *tjeŋ, “first (lunar month)”), 正 (OC *tjeŋs, “straight; correct”), 政 (OC *tjeŋs, “government; rule”) and 實 (OC *ɦliɡ, “solid; true”). Cognates include Tibetan ཏིག་ཏིག (tig tig, “certainly”), Mizo dik (“correct”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *N-d(y)ak (“truly; very; intensitive”). An allofam is probably 德 (OC *tɯːɡ, “virtue”) (Schuessler, 2007).
“heterosexual”
Semantic loan from English straight.

Pronunciation edit

Note:
  • Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou:
    • ti̍t - vernacular;
    • tia̍k/te̍k - literary.
Note:
  • dig8 - Chaozhou and Shantou;
  • dêg8 - Jieyang.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 直
Mandarin Beijing /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/
Harbin /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Tianjin /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Qingdao /tʃz̩⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Xi'an /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xining /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩¹³/
Lanzhou /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵³/
Ürümqi /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡sz̩²¹³/
Chengdu /t͡sz̩³¹/
Guiyang /t͡sz̩²¹/
Kunming /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³¹/
Nanjing /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/
Hefei /ʈ͡ʂəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡səʔ⁵⁴/
Pingyao /ʈ͡ʂʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /t͡səʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /zəʔ¹/
Suzhou /zəʔ³/
Hangzhou /d͡zəʔ²/
Wenzhou /d͡zei²¹³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰi²²/
Tunxi /t͡ɕʰi¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xiangtan /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰɨʔ²/
Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰət̚⁵/
Taoyuan /tʃʰït̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sek̚²/
Nanning /t͡sek̚²²/
Hong Kong /t͡sɐk̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /tik̚⁵/
/tit̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /tiʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /tɛ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /tik̚⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ʔdit̚³/
/t͡sek̚⁵/
Rime
Character 直
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
Final (韻) 蒸 (134)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 除力切
Baxter drik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɖɨk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɖɨk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȡiek̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɖik̚/
Li
Rong 		/ȡiək̚/
Wang
Li 		/ȡĭək̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ȡʱi̯ək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zhí
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zik6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 直
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zhí
Middle
Chinese 		‹ drik ›
Old
Chinese 		/*N-t<r>ək/
English straight

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 直
Reading # 1/1
No. 17269
Phonetic
component 		直
Rime
group 		職
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		直
Old
Chinese 		/*dɯɡ/
Notes 金文象目測枉材以取直而會意

Definitions edit

直

  1. straight; linear; undeviating
    Antonyms: 彎／弯 (wān), 彎曲／弯曲 (wānqū), 攣／挛 (Cantonese)
    直線／直线  ―  zhíxiàn  ―  straight line
  2. to straighten
  3. vertical; upright; erect
  4. honest; fair
  5. straightforward; forthright; frank
  6. directly; straight
    直去  ―  zhíqù  ―  to go directly to
  7. intentionally; deliberately
  8. † only; just
    Synonym: 只 (zhǐ)
  9. (Chinese calligraphy) vertical stroke in Chinese characters
  10. † Alternative form of 值 (“to be worth”)
  11. constantly
  12. (slang) straight; heterosexual
    Antonyms: 彎／弯 (wān), 攣／挛 (Cantonese)
    直男  ―  zhínán  ―  heterosexual man
  13. (historical) Short for 直隸／直隶 (Zhílì, “Zhili”).
    直系軍閥／直系军阀  ―  Zhí xì jūnfá  ―  the Zhili faction (of the Beiyang warlords)
    直皖戰爭／直皖战争  ―  Zhí Wǎn zhànzhēng  ―  Zhili–Anhui War)
  14. a surname

Synonyms edit

Dialectal synonyms of 豎 (“vertical; upright”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 豎
Mandarin Beijing 豎
Jinan 豎
Xi'an 豎, 順, 立
Wuhan 豎, 直
Chengdu 豎, 立
Guiyang 豎, 直
Yangzhou 豎
Hefei 豎
Cantonese Guangzhou 掂, 戙
Hong Kong 直, 掂, 戙
Yangjiang 掂, 直
Gan Nanchang 敦, 直
Hakka Meixian 直
Jin Taiyuan 豎
Northern Min Jian'ou 直
Eastern Min Fuzhou 直, 徛
Southern Min Xiamen 徛
Chaozhou 徛, 直
Wu Suzhou 直, 豎
Wenzhou 豎
Xiang Changsha 敦, 直
Shuangfeng 敦, 直
Dialectal synonyms of 豎 (“a vertical stroke (㇑)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 豎
Mandarin Beijing 豎
Taiwan 豎
Tianjin 豎兒
Chengde 豎兒
Tangshan 豎, 直
Cangzhou 豎
Baoding 豎兒
Shijiazhuang 豎
Chifeng 豎
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 豎
Heihe 豎兒, 直
Qiqihar 豎兒
Harbin 豎兒
Jiamusi 豎兒
Baicheng 豎
Changchun 豎兒
Tonghua 豎兒
Shenyang 豎
Dandong 豎
Jinzhou 豎兒, 豎, 直
Dalian 豎兒
Yantai 豎兒
Qingdao 豎兒
Lijin 豎
Zhucheng 豎
Jinan 豎
Jining 豎
Shangqiu 豎
Yuanyang 直道兒
Zhengzhou 豎
Lingbao 豎
Xinyang 豎, 直
Baihe 豎, 直
Hanzhong 豎, 直
Xi'an 豎, 直
Baoji 豎
Yinchuan 豎, 直
Tianshui 豎
Lanzhou 豎, 直
Dunhuang 豎
Xining 豎, 直
Hami 豎
Ürümqi 豎, 直
Wuhan 豎, 直
Yichang 豎, 直
Xiangyang 豎, 直
Tianmen 豎, 直
Hong'an 豎
Chengdu 豎, 直
Dazhou 豎
Hanyuan 豎
Xichang 豎
Zigong 豎
Chongqing 筆
Guiyang 豎, 直
Zunyi 豎
Bijie 豎
Liping 豎
Zhaotong 直
Dali 直
Kunming 豎, 直
Mengzi 豎
Guilin 直
Liuzhou 豎, 直
Jishou 豎
Changde 直
Anqing 直
Xuzhou 豎兒
Fuyang 豎, 直
Wuhu 豎, 直
Yangzhou 豎, 直
Lianyungang 豎
Lianshui 豎
Nanjing 豎, 直
Hefei 豎, 直
Nantong 豎, 直
Cantonese Guangzhou 戙
Hong Kong 戙
Gan Lichuan 直
Pingxiang 直
Hakka Yudu 直
Huizhou Shexian 豎
Jin Taiyuan 豎
Yangyuan 豎
Datong 豎
Xinzhou 豎
Lishi 豎
Linfen 豎
Changzhi 豎
Linhe 豎
Jining 豎, 直
Hohhot 豎
Erenhot 豎
Pingshan 豎
Zhangjiakou 豎
Handan 豎, 直
Linzhou 豎
Suide 豎, 直
Eastern Min Fuzhou 直
Fuqing 直, 豎
Southern Min Xiamen 徛
Zhangzhou 徛
Wu Ningbo 直
Xiang Loudi 直

Compounds edit

Descendants edit

  • → Old Turkic: tik (vertical, straight, straightforward)

References edit

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

直

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. straight

Readings edit

Compounds edit

Etymology 1 edit

Kanji in this term
直
じき
Grade: 2
on’yomi

Adjective edit

直(じき) • (jiki) ←ぢき,ちき (diki, tiki)?-na (adnominal 直(じき)な (jiki na), adverbial 直(じき)に (jiki ni))

  1. soon, shortly
  2. nearby, close

Inflection edit

Inflection of 直
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 直だろ じきだろ jiki daro
Continuative (連用形) 直で じきで jiki de
Terminal (終止形) 直だ じきだ jiki da
Attributive (連体形) 直な じきな jiki na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 直なら じきなら jiki nara
Imperative (命令形) 直であれ じきであれ jiki de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 直ではない
直じゃない 		じきではない
じきじゃない 		jiki de wa nai
jiki ja nai
Informal past 直だった じきだった jiki datta
Informal negative past 直ではなかった
直じゃなかった 		じきではなかった
じきじゃなかった 		jiki de wa nakatta
jiki ja nakatta
Formal 直です じきです jiki desu
Formal negative 直ではありません
直じゃありません 		じきではありません
じきじゃありません 		jiki de wa arimasen
jiki ja arimasen
Formal past 直でした じきでした jiki deshita
Formal negative past 直ではありませんでした
直じゃありませんでした 		じきではありませんでした
じきじゃありませんでした 		jiki de wa arimasen deshita
jiki ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 直で じきで jiki de
Conditional 直なら（ば） じきなら（ば） jiki nara (ba)
Provisional 直だったら じきだったら jiki dattara
Volitional 直だろう じきだろう jiki darō
Adverbial 直に じきに jiki ni
Degree 直さ じきさ jikisa

Derived terms edit

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
直
じか
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Sound change from jiki.[1]

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Prefix edit

直(じか) • (jika-) 

  1. directly
    Synonym: 直接 (chokusetsu)

Related terms edit

Etymology 2 edit

For pronunciation and definitions of 直 – see the following entry.
【なお】
[adjective] common, ordinary, straight
[adverb] normally, usually
(This term, 直, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3 edit

Kanji in this term
直
ちょく
Grade: 2
kan’on

Adjective edit

直(ちょく) • (choku) †-tari (adnominal 直(ちょく)とした (choku to shita) or 直(ちょく)たる (choku taru), adverbial 直(ちょく)と (choku to) or 直(ちょく)として (choku to shite))

  1. direct, straight, frank

Adjective edit

直(ちょく) • (choku) -na (adnominal 直(ちょく)な (choku na), adverbial 直(ちょく)に (choku ni))

  1. sincere, straightforward, proper, frank
  2. simple, not extravagant, not expensive, less formal
    Synonyms: 安直 (anchoku), 手軽 (tegaru), 安価 (anka)

Verb edit

直(ちょく)する • (choku suru) suru (stem 直(ちょく)し (choku shi), past 直(ちょく)した (choku shita))

  1. to do one's duty, be on duty
Conjugation edit
Conjugation of "直する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 直し ちょくし choku shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 直し ちょくし choku shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 直する ちょくする choku suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 直する ちょくする choku suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 直すれ ちょくすれ choku sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 直せよ¹
直しろ² 		ちょくせよ¹
ちょくしろ² 		choku seyo¹
choku shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 直される ちょくされる choku sareru
Causative 直させる
直さす 		ちょくさせる
ちょくさす 		choku saseru
choku sasu
Potential 直できる ちょくできる choku dekiru
Volitional 直しよう ちょくしよう choku shiyō
Negative 直しない ちょくしない choku shinai
Negative continuative 直せず ちょくせず choku sezu
Formal 直します ちょくします choku shimasu
Perfective 直した ちょくした choku shita
Conjunctive 直して ちょくして choku shite
Hypothetical conditional 直すれば ちょくすれば choku sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

References edit

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean edit

Hanja edit

直 (eumhun 곧을 직 (godeul jik))

  1. Hanja form? of 직 (“straight”).

Miyako edit

Kanji edit

直

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

直: Hán Nôm readings: trực

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Yaeyama edit

Kanji edit

直

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Yonaguni edit

Kanji edit

直

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

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