禪

See also: 禅

禪	U+79AA, 禪 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-79AA

← 禩
[U+79A9]

CJK Unified Ideographs

禫 →
[U+79AB]

Translingual edit

Traditional	禪
Simplified	禅
Japanese	禅
Korean	禪

Han character edit

禪 (Kangxi radical 113, 示+12, 17 strokes, cangjie input 戈火口口十 (IFRRJ), four-corner 3625₆, composition ⿰礻單)

Descendants edit

禅

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 846, character 36
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24835
Dae Jaweon: page 1267, character 26
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2408, character 10
Unihan data for U+79AA

Chinese edit

trad.		禪
simp.		禅

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 禪
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (單) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
嚲	*taːlʔ
癉	taːlʔ, taːls, taːn, daːn
奲	taːlʔ, tʰjaːlʔ
驒	daːl, daːn, *teːn
鼉	*daːl
磾	*teːl
鷤	deːl, deːls, *daːn
觶	tjal, tjals
單	taːn, djan, djanʔ, djans
鄲	*taːn
殫	*taːn
簞	*taːn
匰	*taːn
襌	*taːn
彈	daːn, daːns
貚	daːn, deːn
撣	daːn, daːnʔ, daːns, djan, *taːnʔ
潬	*daːnʔ
僤	daːnʔ, daːns, *djan
憚	*daːns
樿	*tjanʔ
燀	tjanʔ, tʰjan, *tʰjanʔ
戰	*tjans
闡	*tʰjanʔ
繟	*tʰjanʔ
幝	*tʰjanʔ
嘽	tʰaːn, tʰjanʔ
灛	*tʰjanʔ
蟬	*djan
禪	djan, djans
嬋	*djan
墠	*djanʔ
鱓	*djanʔ
蕇	*teːnʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djan, *djans) : semantic 示 + phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans).

Etymology edit

Pronunciation 1 is short for 禪那, which is a borrowing from Sanskrit ध्यान (dhyāna, “dhyana”).

Pronunciation 1 edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): chán (chan²)

(Zhuyin): ㄔㄢˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): sim⁴, sin⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sàm
Eastern Min (BUC): sièng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): siân / sîⁿ

(Teochew, Peng'im): siam⁵ / siêng⁵ / siang⁵
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶zoe

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: chán
  - Zhuyin: ㄔㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: chán
  - Wade–Giles: chʻan²
  - Yale: chán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: charn
  - Palladius: чань (čanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: sim⁴, sin⁴
  - Yale: sìhm, sìhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: sim⁴, sin⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: xim⁴, xin⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /siːm²¹/, /siːn²¹/

Note: sim4 - from dissimilation of initial and coda. Compare 蟬.

Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sàm
  - Hakka Romanization System: samˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: sam²
  - Sinological IPA: /sam¹¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sièng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sieŋ⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siân
  - Tâi-lô: siân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sieen
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /siɛn¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /siɛn²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /siɛn²³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sîⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: sînn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: svii
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /sĩ²⁴/

Note:

siân - literary;
sîⁿ - vernacular.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: siam⁵ / siêng⁵ / siang⁵
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: siâm / siêng / siâng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /siam⁵⁵/, /sieŋ⁵⁵/, /siaŋ⁵⁵/

Note:

siêng5 - Chaozhou;
siang5 - Shantou, Chenghai.

Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶zoe
  - MiniDict: zoe^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³zoe
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zø²³/

Middle Chinese: dzyen

Rime
Character	禪
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	常 (25)
Final (韻)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	市連切
Baxter	dzyen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʑiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ʑiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʑjæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ʑian/
Li Rong	/ʑiɛn/
Wang Li	/ʑĭɛn/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʑi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	chán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sin⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*djan/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	禪
Reading #	1/2
No.	2031
Phonetic component	單
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	鋋
Old Chinese	/*djan/

Definitions edit

禪

(Buddhism) dhyana; deep meditation; contemplation
Buddhist doctrine; Buddhist teachings
relating to Buddhism; Buddhist; thoughtful; philosophical

Compounds edit

Descendants edit

Sino-Xenic (禪):

→ Japanese: 禅(ぜん) (zen) (see there for further descendants)
→ Korean: 선(禪) (seon)
→ Vietnamese: thiền (禪)

Pronunciation 2 edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shàn (shan⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄕㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): sin⁶
Eastern Min (BUC): siêng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): siān

(Teochew, Peng'im): siam⁶ / siang⁶
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶zoe

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄕㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shàn
  - Wade–Giles: shan⁴
  - Yale: shàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shann
  - Palladius: шань (šanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂän⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: sin⁶
  - Yale: sihn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: sin⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: xin⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /siːn²²/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: siêng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /siɛŋ²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siān
  - Tâi-lô: siān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sien
  - IPA (Xiamen): /siɛn²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /siɛn⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /siɛn²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /siɛn³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /siɛn³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: siam⁶ / siang⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: siăm / siăng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /siam³⁵/, /siaŋ³⁵/

Note: siang6 - Chenghai.

Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶zoe
  - MiniDict: zoe^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³zoe
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zø²³/

Middle Chinese: dzyenH

Rime
Character	禪
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	常 (25)
Final (韻)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	時戰切
Baxter	dzyenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʑiᴇn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ʑiɛn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʑjæn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ʑian^H/
Li Rong	/ʑiɛn^H/
Wang Li	/ʑĭɛn^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʑi̯ɛn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sin⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ar-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*djans/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	禪
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shàn
Middle Chinese	‹ dzyen^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[d]ar-s/
English	hand over to another
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	禪
Reading #	2/2
No.	2036
Phonetic component	單
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	繕
Old Chinese	/*djans/

Definitions edit

禪

(obsolete) to offer sacrifices to nature
See also: 封
- 封於泰山，禪於梁父。封禪之王，七十二家。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  封于泰山，禅于梁父。封禅之王，七十二家。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Guanzi, 5^th century BCE to 220 CE
  Fēng yú Tàishān, Shàn yú Liángfǔ. Fēngshàn zhī wáng, qīshí'èr jiā. [Pinyin]
  Some sevety-two kings performed the Feng sacrifice [to Heaven] on Mount Tai and the Shan sacrifice [to Earth] on Liangfu (translation based on Rickett, 1998)
- 是以封泰山而禪梁甫，朝諸侯而一天下。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  是以封泰山而禅梁甫，朝诸侯而一天下。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: 《大戴禮記》 Records of Ritual Matters by Dai the Elder, Late Western Han
  Shìyǐ fēng Tàishān ér shàn Liángfǔ, cháo zhūhóu ér yī tiānxià. [Pinyin]
  So he offered sacrifices to Heaven at Mount Tai and offer sacrifices to Earth at Liangfu; he gathered the various princes and united All under Heaven.
to abdicate and pass the throne to someone
- 孔子曰：『唐虞禪，夏后、殷、周繼，其義一也。』 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  孔子曰：『唐虞禅，夏后、殷、周继，其义一也。』 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE
  Kǒngzǐ yuē: ‘Tángyú shàn, Xiàhòu, Yīn, Zhōu jì, qí yì yī yě.’ [Pinyin]
  Confucius said, "Tang and Yu resigned the throne to their worthy ministers. The sovereign of Xia and those of Yin and Zhou transmitted it to their sons. The principle of righteousness was the same in all the cases."
to succeed; to replace