結果

Chinese edit

		knot; sturdy; to bear (fruit) knot; sturdy; to bear (fruit); bond; to tie; to bind	fruit; result
trad. (結果)		結	果
simp. (结果)		结	果

Pronunciation 1 edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): jiéguǒ

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄍㄨㄛˇ

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җегуә (ži͡əguə, I-II)
Cantonese (Jyutping): git³ gwo²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kiet-kó / kiat-kó

(Meixian, Guangdong): giad⁵ guo³
Eastern Min (BUC): giék-guōi
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kiat-kó / kiat-kó͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): gag⁴ guê²
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁷ciq-ku

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiéguǒ
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄍㄨㄛˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiéguǒ
  - Wade–Giles: chieh²-kuo³
  - Yale: jyé-gwǒ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyeguoo
  - Palladius: цзего (czego)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җегуә (ži͡əguə, I-II)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiə²⁴ kuə⁵¹/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: git³ gwo²
  - Yale: git gwó
  - Cantonese Pinyin: git⁸ gwo²
  - Guangdong Romanization: gid³ guo²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiːt̚³ kʷɔː³⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiet-kó
  - Hakka Romanization System: gied` go`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: giad⁵ go³
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯et̚² ko³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiat-kó
  - Hakka Romanization System: giad` go`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: giad⁵ go³
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯at̚² ko³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: giad⁵ guo³
  - Sinological IPA: /kiat̚¹ kuo³¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: giék-guōi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kieʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ kui³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiat-kó
  - Tâi-lô: kiat-kó
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiatkoir
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ kɤ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ ko⁵³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ ko⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiat-kó͘
  - Tâi-lô: kiat-kóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiatkor
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ kɔ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gag⁴ guê²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kak kué
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kak̚²⁻⁴ kue⁵²⁻²¹/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁷ciq-ku
  - MiniDict: cih^入 ku
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁴jiq-ku
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ ku⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: ket kwaX

Rime
Character	結	果
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	先 (87)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	IV	I
Fanqie	古屑切	古火切
Baxter	ket	kwaX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ket̚/	/kuɑ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ket̚/	/kuɑ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/kɛt̚/	/kuɑ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɛt̚/	/kwa^X/
Li Rong	/ket̚/	/kuɑ^X/
Wang Li	/kiet̚/	/kuɑ^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/kiet̚/	/kuɑ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jie	guǒ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	git³	gwo²

Noun edit

結果

result; outcome (Classifier: 個／个)
得出結果／得出结果 ― déchū jiéguǒ ― to obtain a result

治療結果／治疗结果 ― zhìliáo jiéguǒ ― treatment outcome

我做過核酸檢測了，結果是陰性的。 [MSC, trad.]
我做过核酸检测了，结果是阴性的。 [MSC, simp.]
Wǒ zuò guò hésuān jiǎncè le, jiéguǒ shì yīnxìng de. [Pinyin]
I have taken a nucleic acid test, and the result was negative.

這個結果已經超出了我們的預想。 [MSC, trad.]
这个结果已经超出了我们的预想。 [MSC, simp.]
Zhège jiéguǒ yǐjīng chāochū le wǒmen de yùxiǎng. [Pinyin]
This result has exceeded our expectations.

我一直在嘗試努力，可結果總是不盡人意。 [MSC, trad.]
我一直在尝试努力，可结果总是不尽人意。 [MSC, simp.]
Wǒ yīzhí zài chángshì nǔlì, kě jiéguǒ zǒngshì bùjìn rényì. [Pinyin]
I have been putting in a lot of effort, but the results are always less than satisfactory.
- 我國經典，未經整理，讀起來特別難，一般人往往望而生畏，結果是敬而遠之。 [MSC, trad.]
  我国经典，未经整理，读起来特别难，一般人往往望而生畏，结果是敬而远之。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 1942, 朱自清 (Zhu Ziqing), 經典常談
  Wǒguó jīngdiǎn, wèijīng zhěnglǐ, dú qǐlái tèbié nán, yībānrén wǎngwǎng wàng'érshēngwèi, jiéguǒ shì jìng'éryuǎnzhī. [Pinyin]
  Chinese classics are difficult to read uncollated. Ordinary people are often terrified by the sight of them, and prefer to remain at a respectful distance.
(obsolete) style of dress

Synonyms edit

(result):

分曉／分晓 (fēnxiǎo)
後果／后果 (hòuguǒ) (chiefly negative)
惡果／恶果 (èguǒ) (negative)
效應／效应 (xiàoyìng) (chiefly in biology, chemistry)
效果 (xiàoguǒ) (chiefly positive)
歸結／归结 (guījié)
產物／产物 (chǎnwù) (figurative)
結局／结局 (jiéjú)

Antonyms edit

原因 (yuányīn)

Adverb edit

結果

finally; in the end; as a result; to end up being
他們詳細討論了這件事，結果達成諒解。 [MSC, trad.]
他们详细讨论了这件事，结果达成谅解。 [MSC, simp.]
Tāmen xiángxì tǎolùn le zhè jiàn shì, jiéguǒ dáchéng liàngjiě. [Pinyin]
They discussed the matter in detail, and finally came to an understanding.

Synonyms edit

最後／最后 (zuìhòu)
最終／最终 (zuìzhōng)
到頭來／到头来 (dàotóulái)
(colloquial) 臨了／临了 (línliǎo)

Verb edit

結果

to kill; to finish off
(obsolete) to dress up; to deck out; to make up

Synonyms edit

(to dress up):

修飾／修饰 (xiūshì)
打刷 (Xinzhou)
打扮
扮靚／扮靓 (bànliàng) (chiefly Cantonese)
扮飾／扮饰 (bànshì)
捯飭／捯饬 (dáochi) (colloquial)
梳妝／梳妆 (shūzhuāng)
結束／结束 (jiéshù) (archaic)
裝扮／装扮 (zhuāngbàn)
裝束／装束 (zhuāngshù) (formal)
裝飾／装饰 (zhuāngshì)
裝點／装点 (zhuāngdiǎn)
點綴／点缀 (diǎnzhuì)

Pronunciation 2 edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiēguǒ, jiéguǒ

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝㄍㄨㄛˇ, ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄍㄨㄛˇ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): git³ gwo²

(Taishan, Wiktionary): get¹ go²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kiet-kó / kiat-kó
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiat-kó / kiat-kó͘

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiēguǒ
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝㄍㄨㄛˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jieguǒ
  - Wade–Giles: chieh¹-kuo³
  - Yale: jyē-gwǒ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jieguoo
  - Palladius: цзего (czego)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiéguǒ
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄍㄨㄛˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiéguǒ
  - Wade–Giles: chieh²-kuo³
  - Yale: jyé-gwǒ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyeguoo
  - Palladius: цзего (czego)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: git³ gwo²
  - Yale: git gwó
  - Cantonese Pinyin: git⁸ gwo²
  - Guangdong Romanization: gid³ guo²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiːt̚³ kʷɔː³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: get¹ go²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ket̚³³ kᵘɔ⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiet-kó
  - Hakka Romanization System: gied` go`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: giad⁵ go³
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯et̚² ko³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiat-kó
  - Hakka Romanization System: giad` go`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: giad⁵ go³
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯at̚² ko³¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiat-kó
  - Tâi-lô: kiat-kó
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiatkoir
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ kɤ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ ko⁵³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ ko⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiat-kó͘
  - Tâi-lô: kiat-kóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiatkor
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

Verb edit

結⫽果 (verb-object)

to bear fruit
他把不結果的枝都修剪掉。 [MSC, trad.]
他把不结果的枝都修剪掉。 [MSC, simp.]
Tā bǎ bù jiēguǒ de zhī dōu xiūjiǎn diào. [Pinyin]
He pruned every branch that did not bear fruit.

草莓不開花，也不結果。 [MSC, trad.]
草莓不开花，也不结果。 [MSC, simp.]
Cǎoméi bù kāihuā, yě bù jiēguǒ. [Pinyin]
The strawberry tree won't bloom or bear fruit.

Synonyms edit

Dialectal synonyms of 結果 (“to bear fruit”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		結果, 結實, 結子
Mandarin	Taiwan	結果
Cantonese	Hong Kong	結果
Hakka	Meixian	打子
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	結子, 打子
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	結子, 打子
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	結子, 打子
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	結子, 打子
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	結子, 打子
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	結子, 打子
Northern Min	Jian'ou	結果
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	結囝

Derived terms edit

開花結果／开花结果

Descendants edit

Sino-Xenic (結果):

→ Japanese: 結(けっ)果(か) (kekka)
→ Korean: 결과(結果) (gyeolgwa)
→ Vietnamese: kết quả (結果)

Japanese edit

Kanji in this term
結	果
けつ > けっ Grade: 4	か Grade: 4
on’yomi

Pronunciation edit

(Tokyo) けっか [kèkká] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [ke̞k̚ka̠]

Noun edit

結(けっ)果(か) • (kekka)

the result, effect, consequence
結果(けっか)だけだ、この世(よ)には結果(けっか)だけが残(のこ)る。
Kekka dake da, kono yo ni wa kekka dake ga nokoru.
Only the result, only the result remains in this world.
the performance, the accomplishment, the achievement

Synonyms edit

(effect): 成果(せいか) (seika), 余波(よは) (yoha)

Antonyms edit

(antonym(s) of "effect"): 原因(げんいん) (gen'in)

Verb edit

結(けっ)果(か)する • (kekka suru) suru (stem 結(けっ)果(か)し (kekka shi), past 結(けっ)果(か)した (kekka shita))

(rare) bear fruit

Conjugation edit

Conjugation of "結果する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	結果し	けっかし	kekka shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	結果し	けっかし	kekka shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	結果する	けっかする	kekka suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	結果する	けっかする	kekka suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	結果すれ	けっかすれ	kekka sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	結果せよ¹ 結果しろ²	けっかせよ¹ けっかしろ²	kekka seyo¹ kekka shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	結果される	けっかされる	kekka sareru
Causative	結果させる結果さす	けっかさせるけっかさす	kekka saseru kekka sasu
Potential	結果できる	けっかできる	kekka dekiru
Volitional	結果しよう	けっかしよう	kekka shiyō
Negative	結果しない	けっかしない	kekka shinai
Negative continuative	結果せず	けっかせず	kekka sezu
Formal	結果します	けっかします	kekka shimasu
Perfective	結果した	けっかした	kekka shita
Conjunctive	結果して	けっかして	kekka shite
Hypothetical conditional	結果すれば	けっかすれば	kekka sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Synonyms edit

結実(けつじつ) (ketsujitsu), 実(み)を結(むす)ぶ (mi o musubu)

References edit

2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
2002, Yasuo Kitahara, 明鏡国語辞典 (Meikyō Kokugo Jiten), First Edition (in Japanese), Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten, →ISBN

Korean edit

Hanja in this term
結	果

Noun edit

結果 • (gyeolgwa) (hangeul 결과)

Hanja form^? of 결과 (“result”).

Vietnamese edit

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
結	果

Noun edit

結果

chữ Hán form of kết quả (“result”).