Wiktionary

肝

肝 U+809D, 肝
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-809D
← 肜
[U+809C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 肞 →
[U+809E]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 

Han character edit

肝 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 月一十 (BMJ), four-corner 71240, composition ⿰月干(GJKV) or ⿰⺼干(HT))

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 974, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29273
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1425, character 31
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2044, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+809D

Chinese edit

trad. 肝
simp. # 肝

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (干) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
訐 *krads, *krads, *ked, *kad
肝 *kaːn
竿 *kaːn
干 *kaːn
奸 *kaːn
玕 *kaːn
汗 *kaːn, *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns
迀 *kaːn
忓 *kaːn, *ɡaːns
鳱 *kaːn
邗 *kaːn, *ɡaːn
秆 *kaːnʔ
矸 *kaːnʔ, *kaːns, *ɡaːns
仠 *kaːnʔ
皯 *kaːnʔ
衦 *kaːnʔ
簳 *kaːnʔ
擀 *kaːnʔ
旰 *kaːns
盰 *kaːns
幹 *kaːns
杆 *kaːns
骭 *kaːns, *ɡraːns
桿 *kaːnʔ
趕 *kaːnʔ
稈 *kaːnʔ
刊 *kʰaːn
靬 *kʰaːn, *kʰaːns, *kreːn, *kan
衎 *kʰaːnʔ, *kʰaːns
犴 *ŋaːn, *ŋaːns
豻 *ŋaːn, *ŋaːns, *ɦŋaːns, *ŋ̊ʰraːn
頇 *ŋaːns, *hŋaːn, *ŋaːd
岸 *ŋɡaːns
鼾 *qʰaːn, *ɢaːns
罕 *qʰaːnʔ, *qʰaːns
焊 *qʰaːnʔ, *ɡaːns
蔊 *qʰaːnʔ
虷 *ɡaːn
旱 *ɡaːnʔ
皔 *ɡaːnʔ
釬 *ɡaːns
扞 *ɡaːns
閈 *ɡaːns
馯 *ɡaːns, *kʰraːn
捍 *ɡaːns, *ɡraːnʔ
悍 *ɡaːns
銲 *ɡaːns
垾 *ɡaːns
駻 *ɡaːns
睅 *ɡʷranʔ
娨 *ɡraːns
飦 *kan
赶 *ɡan, *ɡʷad
軒 *qʰan
蓒 *qʰan
酐 *qʰaːŋʔ
澣 *ɡʷaːnʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːn) : semantic ⺼ (“flesh”) + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn) – a body part.

Etymology edit

Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ka-(n/m/ŋ) (“bitter; salty; bile; liver”), in which case it would be related to 苦 (OC *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs, “bitter”); also compare Proto-Bodo-Garo *bi-ka (“liver”), whence Bodo (India) [script needed] (bi-ka, “liver”), Garo bika (“liver”).

Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) compares it with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-kal ~ *s-gal (“lower back; kidney”), whence Tibetan མཁལ་མ (mkhal ma, “kidney”), Mizo kal (“kidney”), Chepang गल् (“kidney”), Burmese ခါး (hka:, “waist”).

Pronunciation edit

Note:
  • koaⁿ - vernacular;
  • kan - literary.
Rime
Character 肝
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 寒 (61)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古寒切
Baxter kan
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɑn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kɑn/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kɑn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kan/
Li
Rong 		/kɑn/
Wang
Li 		/kɑn/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kɑn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gon1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 肝
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gān
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kan ›
Old
Chinese 		/*s.kˁa[r]/
English liver

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 肝
Reading # 1/1
No. 3568
Phonetic
component 		干
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		干
Old
Chinese 		/*kaːn/

Definitions edit

肝

  1. liver (Classifier: 葉／叶; 個／个)
    我不吃肚也不吃肝。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
    Wǒ bù chī dǔ yě bù chī gān. [Pinyin]
    I don't eat tripe or liver.
    身體的大部分膽固醇是在肝和腸內由消化的食物製成的。 [MSC, trad.]
    身体的大部分胆固醇是在肝和肠内由消化的食物制成的。 [MSC, simp.]
    Shēntǐ de dàbùfēn dǎngùchún shì zài gān hé cháng nèi yóu xiāohuà de shíwù zhì chéng de. [Pinyin]
    Most of the body's cholesterol is made in the liver and intestine from digested food.
  2. (figurative) mind; thoughts
  3. (video games, neologism) to grind; to repeat a task day and night, which may exhaust the liver, in order to achieve a specific goal
    這遊戲很吸引人，但我實在肝不動了。它太肝了。 [MSC, trad.]
    这游戏很吸引人，但我实在肝不动了。它太肝了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè yóuxì hěn xīyǐn rén, dàn wǒ shízài gān bù dòng le. Tā tài gān le. [Pinyin]
    This game is attractive, but I really can't grind anymore. It's too grindy.
  4. (video games, neologism) grindy

Compounds edit

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

肝

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings edit

Compounds edit

Etymology 1 edit

Kanji in this term
肝
きも
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
胆

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kimo. Cognate with Okinawan 肝 (ちむ, chimu).

First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1]

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

肝(きも) • (kimo) 

  1. the liver
  2. innards
  3. (figuratively) important part

References edit

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
肝
かん
Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 肝 (MC kan).

Pronunciation edit

Affix edit

肝(かん) • (kan) 

  1. liver
  2. (figuratively) essential thing; important thing
  3. (figuratively) courage; spirit

Noun edit

肝(かん) • (kan) 

  1. liver
  2. (obsolete, figuratively) heart; spirit

References edit

  1. ^ “肝・胆”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean edit

Etymology edit

From Middle Chinese 肝 (MC kan). Recorded as Middle Korean 간 (kan) (Yale: kan) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation edit

  • (in 肝氣 and 肝腸):
  • (liver):
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠(ː)n]
    • Phonetic hangul: [간(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja edit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

肝 (eumhun 간 간 (gan gan))

  1. Hanja form? of 간 (“liver”).

Compounds edit

Compounds

References edit

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Okinawan edit

Kanji edit

肝

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings edit

Etymology edit

Kanji in this term
肝
ちむ
Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Proto-Ryukyuan, from Proto-Japonic *kimo.

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

肝(ちむ) (chimu) 

  1. the liver
  2. heart; spirit

Derived terms edit

Derived terms

References edit


Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

肝: Hán Nôm readings: can, gan

  1. chữ Hán form of can (“liver”).
  2. Nôm form of gan (“liver”).
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