肯

See also: 肻

肯	U+80AF, 肯 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-80AF

← 肮
[U+80AE]

CJK Unified Ideographs

肰 →
[U+80B0]

Translingual edit

Stroke order

Han character edit

肯 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 卜一月 (YMB), four-corner 2122₇, composition ⿱止月)

Derived characters edit

啃掯𣔨𬒔𥺾褃錹

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 976, character 1
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29311
Dae Jaweon: page 1427, character 21
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2048, character 4
Unihan data for U+80AF

Chinese edit

trad.		肯
simp. ^#		肯
alternative forms		肎肻𣍟𠕔𦙡肎肻𣍟𠕔𦙡𦘫

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 肯
Western Zhou
Bronze inscriptions

Characters in the same phonetic series (肯) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
肯	*kʰɯːŋʔ
肎	*kʰɯːŋʔ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : abbreviated 冎 (“bone”) + 肉 (“meat”) – meat attached to the bone. Originally written more like 肎, the top component is now written 止.

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kěn, kěng (ken³, keng³)

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄣˇ, ㄎㄥˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hang², hoi²
Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): kên³ / hên³
Northern Min (KCR): kǎing
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khńg / khéng / khín / khán

(Teochew, Peng'im): kêng²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kěn
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄣˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kěn
  - Wade–Giles: kʻên³
  - Yale: kěn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: keen
  - Palladius: кэнь (kɛnʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰən²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese, variant)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kěng
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄥˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kěng
  - Wade–Giles: kʻêng³
  - Yale: kěng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: keeng
  - Palladius: кэн (kɛn)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɤŋ²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hang², hoi²
  - Yale: háng, hói
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hang², hoi²
  - Guangdong Romanization: heng², hoi²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐŋ³⁵/, /hɔːi̯³⁵/

Note: hoi2 - only in 肯綮.

Hakka
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: kên³ / hên³
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰɛn³¹/, /hɛn³¹/

Note:

kên3 - literary;
hên3 - vernacular.

Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kǎing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaiŋ²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khńg
  - Tâi-lô: khńg
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qngr
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰŋ̍⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khéng
  - Tâi-lô: khíng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qeang
  - IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰiɪŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɪŋ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khín
  - Tâi-lô: khín
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qien
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰin⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khán
  - Tâi-lô: khán
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qarn
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰan⁵³/

Note:

khńg/khéng - literary;
khín/khán - vernacular.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: kêng²
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khéng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰeŋ⁵²/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 肯
Mandarin	Beijing	/kʰən²¹⁴/
	Harbin	/kʰən²¹³/
	Tianjin	/kʰən¹³/
	Jinan	/kʰẽ⁵⁵/
	Qingdao	/kʰə̃⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/kʰən⁵³/
	Xi'an	/kʰẽ⁵³/
	Xining	/kʰə̃⁵³/
	Yinchuan	/kʰəŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/kʰə̃n⁴⁴²/
	Ürümqi	/kʰɤŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/kʰən⁴²/
	Chengdu	/kʰən⁵³/
	Guiyang	/kʰen⁴²/
	Kunming	/kʰə̃⁵³/
	Nanjing	/kʰən²¹²/
	Hefei	/kʰən²⁴/
Jin	Taiyuan	/kʰəŋ⁵³/
	Pingyao	/kʰəŋ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/kʰə̃ŋ⁵³/
Wu	Shanghai	/kʰəŋ³⁵/
	Suzhou	/kʰən⁵¹/
	Hangzhou	/kʰen⁵³/
	Wenzhou	/kʰaŋ³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/kʰʌ̃³⁵/
Hui	Tunxi	/t͡ɕʰin³¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/kʰən⁴¹/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/kʰən⁴²/
Gan	Nanchang	/kʰiɛn²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰen³¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/hen³¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hɐŋ³⁵/
	Nanning	/hɐŋ³⁵/
	Hong Kong	/hɐŋ³⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kʰiŋ⁵³/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kʰiŋ³²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kʰaiŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kʰeŋ⁵³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/xin²¹³/

Middle Chinese: khongX

Rime
Character	肯
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	登 (129)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	苦等切
Baxter	khongX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰəŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰəŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰəŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəŋ^X/
Li Rong	/kʰəŋ^X/
Wang Li	/kʰəŋ^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰəŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kěng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hang²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤəŋʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʰɯːŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	肯
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kěn
Middle Chinese	‹ khong^X ›
Old Chinese	/*kʰˁəŋʔ/
English	to be willing
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.