Japanese

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
から
Grade: S
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings
鹹い
苛い

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1] From Proto-Japonic *kara.

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of 「辛い
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Continuative (連用形) 辛く らく
[káꜜràkù]
[kàráꜜkù]
Terminal (終止形) 辛い [kàráꜜì]
Attributive (連体形) 辛い [kàráꜜì]
Key constructions
Informal negative 辛くない らくない
くない
[káꜜràkùnàì]
[kàráꜜkùnàì]
Informal past 辛かった らかった
かった
[káꜜràkàttà]
[kàráꜜkàttà]
Informal negative past 辛くなかった らくなかった
くなかった
[káꜜràkùnàkàttà]
[kàráꜜkùnàkàttà]
Formal 辛いです いです [kàráꜜìdèsù]
Conjunctive 辛くて らくて
くて
[káꜜràkùtè]
[kàráꜜkùtè]
Conditional 辛ければ らければ
ければ
[káꜜràkèrèbà]
[kàráꜜkèrèbà]

Adjective

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(から) (karai-i (adverbial (から) (karaku))

  1. spicy hot
    Synonym: スパイシー
  2. salty
    Synonyms: 塩辛い, しょっぱい
  3. (of alcohol) bitter, not sweet
  4. harsh
Inflection
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Derived terms
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See also

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Basic tastes in Japanese · 味覚(みかく) (mikaku) (layout · text)
           
(あま) (amai) ()っぱい (suppai) (しょ)っぱい (shoppai) (にが​) (niga​i) (から​) (kara​i) 旨味(うまみ) (umami)

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
つら
Grade: S
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[3]

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of 「辛い
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Continuative (連用形) 辛く らく [tsùrákú]
Terminal (終止形) 辛い らい
[tsùráí]
[tsùráꜜì]
Attributive (連体形) 辛い らい [tsùráí]
Key constructions
Informal negative 辛くない らくな [tsùrákúnáꜜì]
Informal past 辛かった かった [tsùráꜜkàttà]
Informal negative past 辛くなかった らくなかった [tsùrákúnáꜜkàttà]
Formal 辛いです いです [tsùráꜜìdèsù]
Conjunctive 辛くて くて [tsùráꜜkùtè]
Conditional 辛ければ ければ [tsùráꜜkèrèbà]

Adjective

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(つら) (tsurai-i (adverbial (つら) (tsuraku))

  1. painful
Inflection
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Etymology 3

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The tsurai changes to zurai as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Suffix

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(づら) (-zurai-i (adverbial (づら) (-zuraku))

  1. difficult to, hard to
    一様(いちよう)文字(もじ)(ちい)さく()づらかったため[3]
    ichiyō ni moji ga chīsaku yomizurakatta tame
    since the characters were uniformly small and hard to read
    (いっ)(けん)しただけじゃわかり(づら)[4]
    ikken shita dake ja wakarizurai ga
    though it's hard to tell at first sight
Usage notes
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Attaches to the continuative form (連用形) of a verb. Inflects like an -i adjective. Usually spelled in hiragana, with the kanji spelling usually reserved for formal contexts.

Inflection
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Synonyms
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Antonyms
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References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 から・い 【辛・苛・鹹】 ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  2. 2.0 2.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 つら・い 【辛】 ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here