長城

See also: 长城

Chinese edit

	long; length; forever long; length; forever; always; constantly; chief; head; elder; to grow; to develop	city walls; city; town
trad. (長城)	長	城
simp. (长城)	长	城
Literally: “long wall”.

Wikipedia has articles on:

長城 (Written Standard Chinese^?)
長城 (Cantonese)
長城 (Classical)
長城 (Gan)
Tshòng-sàng (Hakka)
Diòng-siàng (Eastern Min)
Tn̂g-siâⁿ (Southern Min)
长城 (Wu)

長城。

Etymology edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): Chángchéng

(Zhuyin): ㄔㄤˊ ㄔㄥˊ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): cang² cen²

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): чончын (čončɨn, I-I)
Cantonese (Jyutping): coeng⁴ sing⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Chhòng-sàng
Eastern Min (BUC): Diòng-siàng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): Tn̂g-siâⁿ

(Teochew, Peng'im): ciang⁵ sian⁵
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶zan-zen

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Chángchéng
  - Zhuyin: ㄔㄤˊ ㄔㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Chángchéng
  - Wade–Giles: Chʻang²-chʻêng²
  - Yale: Cháng-chéng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Charngcherng
  - Palladius: Чанчэн (Čančɛn)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: cang² cen²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cangcen
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰaŋ²¹ t͡sʰən²¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чончын (čončɨn, I-I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²⁴ ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: coeng⁴ sing⁴
  - Yale: chèuhng sìhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsoeng⁴ sing⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: cêng⁴ xing⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chhòng-sàng
  - Hakka Romanization System: congˇ sangˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: cong² sang²
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ saŋ¹¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: Diòng-siàng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^(s-)niaŋ⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tn̂g-siâⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: Tn̂g-siânn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dngsviaa
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tŋ̍²³⁻³³ siã²³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tŋ̍¹³⁻²² siã¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ciang⁵ sian⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshiâng siâⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩã⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶zan-zen
  - MiniDict: zan^去 zen
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³zan-zen
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zã²² zən⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: drjang|trjangX|drjangH dzyeng

Rime
Character	長	長	長	城
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3	1/1
Initial (聲)	澄 (11)	知 (9)	澄 (11)	常 (25)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)	陽 (105)	陽 (105)	清 (121)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III	III	III
Fanqie	直良切	知丈切	直亮切	是征切
Baxter	drjang	trjangX	drjangH	dzyeng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɖɨɐŋ/	/ʈɨɐŋ^X/	/ɖɨɐŋ^H/	/d͡ʑiᴇŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɖiɐŋ/	/ʈiɐŋ^X/	/ɖiɐŋ^H/	/d͡ʑiɛŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ȡiɑŋ/	/ȶiɑŋ^X/	/ȡiɑŋ^H/	/d͡ʑiæŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɖɨaŋ/	/ʈɨaŋ^X/	/ɖɨaŋ^H/	/d͡ʑiajŋ/
Li Rong	/ȡiaŋ/	/ȶiaŋ^X/	/ȡiaŋ^H/	/ʑiɛŋ/
Wang Li	/ȡĭaŋ/	/ȶĭaŋ^X/	/ȡĭaŋ^H/	/ʑĭɛŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȡʱi̯aŋ/	/ȶi̯aŋ^X/	/ȡʱi̯aŋ^H/	/ʑi̯ɛŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	cháng	zhǎng	zhàng	chéng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	coeng⁴	zoeng²	zoeng⁶	sing⁴

Proper noun edit

長城

Great Wall of China
Synonym: 萬里長城／万里长城 (Wànlǐ Chángchéng)
(～區) (historical) Changcheng (a former district of Jiayuguan, Gansu, China)

Derived terms edit

不到長城非好漢／不到长城非好汉 (bùdào Chángchéng fēi hǎohàn)
內長城／内长城
外長城／外长城
明長城／明长城 (Míng Chángchéng)
自毀長城／自毁长城 (zìhuǐchángchéng)
防火長城／防火长城 (Fánghuǒ Chángchéng)

Noun edit

長城

(figurative) insurmountable barrier or invincible power; wall of steel
- 同時，中國人民也絕不允許任何外來勢力欺負、壓迫、奴役我們，誰妄想這樣幹，必將在 14 億多中國人民用血肉築成的鋼鐵長城面前碰得頭破血流！ [MSC, trad.]
  同时，中国人民也绝不允许任何外来势力欺负、压迫、奴役我们，谁妄想这样干，必将在 14 亿多中国人民用血肉筑成的钢铁长城面前碰得头破血流！ [MSC, simp.]
  From: 1 July 2021, Xi Jinping (习近平)
  Tóngshí, Zhōngguó rénmín yě juébù yǔnxǔ rènhé wàilái shìlì qīfù, yāpò, núyì wǒmen, shéi wàngxiǎng zhèyàng gàn, bìjiāng zài 14 yì duō Zhōngguó rénmín yòng xuèròu zhù chéng de gāngtiě Chángchéng miànqián pèng de tóu pò xuèliú! [Pinyin]
  At the same time, the Chinese people will absolutely not allow any foreign power to bully, oppress, or enslave us. Whomever vainly thinks to do these things, will find their heads bashed bloody against a Great Wall of steel forged by the flesh and blood of over 1.4 billion Chinese people!