Japanese edit

Kanji in this term

Grade: 4

Grade: S
kun’yomi

Etymology edit

/tobikoju/(grammatical shift) /tobikojeru//tobikoeru/

From Old Japanese.

Compound of 飛び (tobi, jumping, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, continuative or stem form) of verb 飛ぶ (tobu, to jump; to fly)) +‎ 超ゆ (koyu, to go across, earlier form of modern 超える (koeru, to go acoss)).[1]

The 下二段 (shimo nidan, lower bigrade) verb koyu changed to the modern koeru via regular historical processes during roughly the Muromachi period.

Pronunciation edit

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "飛び越える"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)
飛び越える びこえ [tòbíkóéꜜrù]
Imperative (命令形) 飛び越えよ びこえ [tòbíkóéꜜyò]
Key constructions
Passive 飛び越えられる びこえられ [tòbíkóéráréꜜrù]
Causative 飛び越えさせる びこえさせ [tòbíkóésáséꜜrù]
Potential 飛び越えられる びこえられ [tòbíkóéráréꜜrù]
Volitional 飛び越えよう びこえよ [tòbíkóéyóꜜò]
Negative 飛び越えない びこえない [tòbíkóéꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 飛び越えなかった びこえなかった [tòbíkóéꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 飛び越えます びこえま [tòbíkóémáꜜsù]
Perfective 飛び越えた びこえた [tòbíkóꜜètà]
Conjunctive 飛び越えて びこえて [tòbíkóꜜètè]
Hypothetical conditional 飛び越えれば びこえれば [tòbíkóéꜜrèbà]

Verb edit

()()える (tobikoeruintransitive ichidan (stem ()() (tobikoe), past ()()えた (tobikoeta))

  1. to jump (over)
    (うま)(さく)()()えました
    Uma ga saku o tobikoemashita.
    The horse cleared the fence.

Conjugation edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN