Egyptian
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Pronunciation
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3-lit.
- (intransitive, chiefly in the stative, of meat, figs, or bread) to be(come) roasted, to roast [since the Pyramid Texts]
Usage notes
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Because this verb is almost always found as a stative or a verbal noun, it is difficult to determine whether it means ‘to roast (something)’ or ‘to be roasted’. The latter is suggested by a sentence at Edfu VIII 89.1 where the verb is used in the perfect with a subject referring to what is roasted: jwꜣw mꜣw-ḥḏ rꜣw wnj-mw ꜣšr.n.sn ḥr ḫꜣwt.k (“Cattle, gazelles, geese, enemies, they have been roasted on your altar.”).
Inflection
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Conjugation of ꜣšr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ꜣšr, geminated stem: ꜣšrr
| infinitival forms
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imperative
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| infinitive
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negatival complement
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complementary infinitive1
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singular
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plural
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ꜣšr
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ꜣšrw, ꜣšr
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ꜣšrt
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ꜣšr
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ꜣšr
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| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
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| stative stem
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periphrastic imperfective2
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periphrastic prospective2
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ꜣšr
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ḥr ꜣšr
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m ꜣšr
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r ꜣšr
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| suffix conjugation
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| aspect / mood
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active
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contingent
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| aspect / mood
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active
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| perfect
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ꜣšr.n
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consecutive
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ꜣšr.jn
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| terminative
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ꜣšrt
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| perfective3
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ꜣšr
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obligative1
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ꜣšr.ḫr
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| imperfective
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ꜣšr
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| prospective3
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ꜣšr
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potentialis1
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ꜣšr.kꜣ
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| subjunctive
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ꜣšr
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| verbal adjectives
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| aspect / mood
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relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
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participles
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| active
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active
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passive
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| perfect
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ꜣšr.n
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—
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—
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| perfective
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ꜣšr
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ꜣšr
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ꜣšr, ꜣšrw5, ꜣšry5
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| imperfective
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ꜣšr, ꜣšry, ꜣšrw5
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ꜣšr, ꜣšrj6, ꜣšry6
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ꜣšr, ꜣšrw5
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| prospective
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ꜣšr, ꜣšrtj7
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ꜣšrtj4, ꜣšrt4
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- Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
- Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
- Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
- Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
- Only in the masculine singular.
- Only in the masculine.
- Only in the feminine.
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Derived terms
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m
- roast meat, including burnt offerings [since the Middle Kingdom]
Inflection
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Declension of ꜣšr (masculine)
Alternative forms
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜣšr
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| ꜣšr
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jšr
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jšr
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jšr
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[Late Period]
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[Greco-Roman Period]
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[Greco-Roman Period]
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References
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- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[1], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 21.4–21.9
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 6
