r
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Translingual edit
Etymology 1 edit
Modification of capital letter R by not closing the bottom of the loop but continuing into the leg to save a pen stroke, later shortening the right leg into a simple arc.
Alternative forms edit
- ꝛ (archaic)
Letter edit
r (upper case R)
- The eighteenth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.
See also edit
- (Latin script): Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Sſs Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
- (Variations of letter R): Ŕŕ Řř Ṙṙ Ŗŗ Ȑȑ Ȓȓ Ṛṛ Ṝṝ Ṟṟ Ɍɍ Ɽɽ ᵲ ᶉ ɼ ɾ ᵳ Ʀʀ Rr
- (select symbols) ® ℝ ɻ r̃
- (other scripts) Cyrillic р (r) я (ja), Greek ρ (r, “rho”), Hebrew ר (r, “resh”), Hangeul ㄹ (r, “rieul”)
- dog's letter
Etymology 2 edit
Pronunciation edit
IPA (file)
Symbol edit
r
- Abbreviation of ronto-.
- (engineering, geometry) radius
- (IPA) (a) an alveolar trill.
- (b) Used in broad transcription for any rhotic consonant, e.g. in English, French or Japanese where the ⟨r⟩ is not a trill [r].
- (c) (superscript ⟨ʳ⟩) an [r]-trill release (of a plosive); a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [r].
- (d) (superscript, obsolete) a non-trilled rhotic coloration or offglide of a vowel; a rhotic vowel, now formed with ⟨◌˞⟩ or a more-precise transcription such as ⟨ʴ⟩ – see ⟨ʳ⟩.
- (phonetics) used in several romanization systems of non-Latin scripts to represent various rhotic sounds:
Synonyms edit
- (Romanization of רּ, “reish”, “resh”, “rēš ḥāzāq”): rr (in the Hebrew Academy (1953 and 2006) and ISO 259 transliteration schemes)
Gallery edit
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Uppercase and lowercase versions of R, in normal and italic type
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Uppercase and lowercase R in Fraktur
See also edit
Other representations of R:
English edit
Etymology 1 edit
Old English lower case letter r, from 7th century replacement by Latin lower case r of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter ᚱ.
Pronunciation edit
- (letter name):
- (phoneme): (non-rhotic) IPA(key): /ɹ/ or a lengthening of the previous vowel, (rhotic) IPA(key): /ɹ/
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R, plural rs or r's)
- The eighteenth letter of the English alphabet, called ar and written in the Latin script.
See also edit
- (Latin-script letters) letter; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z
Number edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The ordinal number eighteenth, derived from this letter of the English alphabet, called ar and written in the Latin script.
Etymology 2 edit
From are and our, pronounced like the name of the letter r.
Verb edit
r
- (Internet slang, text messaging) Abbreviation of are.
- How r u ― How are you?
Translations edit
Determiner edit
r
- (Internet slang, text messaging) Abbreviation of our.
- 2013, Jessica Burkhart, Home for Christmas (Canterwood Crest; Super Special), New York, NY: Aladdin M!X, →ISBN, page 44:
- This was supposed 2 be a SURPRISE, but the girls got it out of me. ☺ I wanted all of us 2 spend Xmas 2gether. By all, I mean r horses 2. Sooo . . . B, C, G, Z, & D, you have guests waiting @ BC. Zane, Valentino, Scout, Nero, & Polo r there! Now we can ride r horses when we r not volunteering & spend Xmas w them. ☺
Etymology 3 edit
Abbreviations.
r
- (stenoscript) the sound sequence /ɑr/, including the verb are
- (stenoscript) Abbreviation of her and inflection hers.
- (stenoscript) Abbreviation of our, inflection ours, and homophone hour.
See also edit
Azerbaijani edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r lower case (upper case R)
- The twenty-fourth letter of the Azerbaijani alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also edit
Basque edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The nineteenth letter of the Basque alphabet, called erre and written in the Latin script.
See also edit
Dutch edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The eighteenth letter of the Dutch alphabet, written in the Latin script.
Derived terms edit
See also edit
See also edit
Egyptian edit
Etymology 1 edit
The actual reading of this word is uncertain, as it is always written as an ideogram, but evidence from Coptic suggests the original was rꜣ. The extension in meaning to ‘part, piece, fraction’ might be either by way of a mouthful being used as a standard share in some distribution of food or goods,[1] or else extended from its meaning of ‘opening’ > ‘division’.
Pronunciation edit
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ɾaʀ/ → /ɾaʀ/ → /ɾaʔ/ → /ɾaʔ/[2]
- (modern Egyptological) IPA(key): /ɛr/
- Conventional anglicization: er
- (modern Egyptological, US) IPA(key): /ɝ/
Noun edit
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m
- mouth (of humans or animals)
- (figuratively, chiefly in titles) speaker, mouthpiece
- utterance, statement
- especially, ritual utterance, spell
- (rare) language, manner of speech
- opening, hole
- bodily orifice, opening of the human body in general, including eyes, ears, nostrils, the vulva, and open wounds
- entrance to a building, doorway
- entrance to a land or place in general
- mouth of a river
- water’s edge, waterline
- (especially in compounds) place or thing seen as an opening from one point to another, passage, thoroughfare
- a measure of volume equivalent to 1⁄32 of a hnw or 1⁄320 of a ḥqꜣt (about 15 millilitres); mouthful
- part, piece, fraction
- (mathematics) used as a numerator of 1 in fractions, literally “piece of (the denominator)”.
- 12th Dynasty, Siut Tomb I, 285, published in Griffith, Francis Llewellyn, The inscriptions of Siûṭ and Dêr Rîfeh:
- r(ꜣ) ḫmtw-št sjsjw
- 1⁄360
- 12th Dynasty, Siut Tomb I, 285, published in Griffith, Francis Llewellyn, The inscriptions of Siûṭ and Dêr Rîfeh:
Usage notes edit
Inflection edit
In the sense of ‘mouth’ the plural is rare, as the singular is usually used even in reference to the mouths of multiple people.
Alternative forms edit
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r | r | jr | r | |||||||||
[New Kingdom] | [21st Dynasty] | [Greco-Roman Period] | ||||||||||
rare | in hieratic |
The senses relating to ‘opening, doorway’ sometimes carry different determinatives:
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r | r | ||||||
[Old and Middle Kingdoms and Greco-Roman Period] | [Old and Middle Kingdoms and Greco-Roman Period] | ||||||
in senses relating to ‘opening, doorway’ | in senses relating to ‘opening, doorway’ |
The sense ‘water’s edge’ is similarly sometimes found with a different determinative:
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r |
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
Etymology 2 edit
Possibly cognate to Hebrew אֶל (ʾel, “to, at”), Arabic إِلَى (ʔilā, “to, until, near”).[4]
Pronunciation edit
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /jiɾ/ → /jiʔ/ → /ʔə/ → /ʔə/
- (modern Egyptological) IPA(key): /ɛr/
- Conventional anglicization: er
- (modern Egyptological, US) IPA(key): /ɝ/
Preposition edit
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- regarding, with respect to, concerning, according to
- in order to, for (the purpose of)
- (with following infinitive) forms the periphrastic prospective of a verb
- (with verbs of motion, of places) to, towards
- (in adverbial sentences, of places, roles, or functions) headed for, destined for, bound for
- (of time) at, in, on
- against, in opposition to
- from, apart from (ablative)
- (after an adjective or adverb, forming the comparative) than, by comparison to
- (generally in sentence-initial form jr) introduces the protasis of a conditional sentence; if, when, as
- (with a verb in the terminative as object) until
Inflection edit
Alternative forms edit
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
- Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁ- (a-), ⲁⲣⲁ⸗ (ara⸗)
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲉ- (e-), ⲉⲣⲟ⸗ (ero⸗)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ⲉ- (e-), ⲁⲗⲁ⸗ (ala⸗)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲉ- (e-), ⲉⲣⲟ⸗ (ero⸗)
Particle edit
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enclitic
Usage notes edit
This usage is distinguished from the preposition by the fact that it occurs as the enclitic second element in a clause instead of at the end of a clause, as is otherwise the case with prepositional phrases.
Alternative forms edit
See also edit
References edit
- “rʾ (lemma ID 92560)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae[1], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
- “r (lemma ID 91900)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae[2], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
- “jr (lemma ID 28170)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae[3], Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
- Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[4], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 103.6–103.9
- Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann (1928) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[5], volume 2, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 386.6–388.10, 389.1–392.10
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 145–146
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 65, 71, 87, 118, 170, 179–180, 196, 410–411.
- Gardiner, Alan (1957) Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, third edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 429
- Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 42
- ^ Palma, Helena Lopez (2015) “Egyptian Fractional Numerals: The grammar of Egyptian NPs and statements with fractional number expressions” in Lingua Aegyptia, volume 23, page 199
- ^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 58
- ^ Sethe, Kurt (1916) Von Zahlen und Zahlworten bei den alten Ägyptern, page 82–83
- ^ Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 15
Esperanto edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The twenty-first letter of the Esperanto alphabet, called ro and written in the Latin script.
See also edit
Estonian edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The eighteenth letter of the Estonian alphabet, called err and written in the Latin script.
See also edit
Faroese edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (upper case R)
- The twentieth letter of the Faroese alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also edit
Finnish edit
Etymology edit
The Finnish orthography using the Latin script was based on those of Swedish, German and Latin, and was first used in the mid-16th century. No earlier script is known. See the Wikipedia article on Finnish for more information, and r for information on the development of the glyph itself.
Pronunciation edit
Audio: är, kärrynpyörä, särky, är (file)
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The eighteenth letter of the Finnish alphabet, called är or er and written in the Latin script.
See also edit
French edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The eighteenth letter of the French alphabet, written in the Latin script.
Fula edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- A letter of the Fula alphabet, written in the Latin script.
Usage notes edit
See also edit
Gothic edit
Romanization edit
r
- Romanization of 𐍂
Hungarian edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The twenty-ninth letter of the Hungarian alphabet, called err and written in the Latin script.
Declension edit
Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony) | ||
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singular | plural | |
nominative | r | r-ek |
accusative | r-et | r-eket |
dative | r-nek | r-eknek |
instrumental | r-rel | r-ekkel |
causal-final | r-ért | r-ekért |
translative | r-ré | r-ekké |
terminative | r-ig | r-ekig |
essive-formal | r-ként | r-ekként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | r-ben | r-ekben |
superessive | r-en | r-eken |
adessive | r-nél | r-eknél |
illative | r-be | r-ekbe |
sublative | r-re | r-ekre |
allative | r-hez | r-ekhez |
elative | r-ből | r-ekből |
delative | r-ről | r-ekről |
ablative | r-től | r-ektől |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
r-é | r-eké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
r-éi | r-ekéi |
Possessive forms of r | ||
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possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | r-em | r-jeim |
2nd person sing. | r-ed | r-jeid |
3rd person sing. | r-je | r-jei |
1st person plural | r-ünk | r-jeink |
2nd person plural | r-etek | r-jeitek |
3rd person plural | r-jük | r-jeik |
See also edit
- (Latin-script letters) betű; A a, Á á, B b, C c, Cs cs, D d, Dz dz, Dzs dzs, E e, É é, F f, G g, Gy gy, H h, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, Ly ly, M m, N n, Ny ny, O o, Ó ó, Ö ö, Ő ő, P p, R r, S s, Sz sz, T t, Ty ty, U u, Ú ú, Ü ü, Ű ű, V v, Z z, Zs zs. Only in the extended alphabet: Q q W w X x Y y. Commonly used: ch. Also defined: à ë. In surnames (selection): ä aa cz ds eé eö ew oe oó th ts ÿ.
Further reading edit
- r in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
Ido edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (upper case R)
- The eighteenth letter of the Ido alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also edit
Italian edit
Letter edit
r f or m (invariable, lower case, upper case R)
- The sixteenth letter of the Italian alphabet, called erre and written in the Latin script.
Kashubian edit
Etymology edit
The Kashubian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Kashubian alphabet article on Wikipedia for more, and r for development of the glyph itself.
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The twenty-fifth letter of the Kashubian alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also edit
Latvian edit
Etymology edit
Proposed in 1908 as part of the new Latvian spelling by the scientific commission headed by K. Mīlenbahs, which was accepted and began to be taught in schools in 1909. Prior to that, Latvian had been written in German Fraktur, and sporadically in Cyrillic.
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The twenty-fifth letter of the Latvian alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script.
See also edit
Livonian edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (upper case R)
- The twenty-ninth letter of the Livonian alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also edit
Malay edit
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The eighteenth letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also edit
Maltese edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The twenty-second letter of the Maltese alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also edit
Mandarin edit
Romanization edit
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 兒/儿
References edit
- Wenlin Pinyin dictionary
- erhua on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
Norwegian edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r
- The eighteenth letter of the Norwegian alphabet, written in the Latin script.
Usage notes edit
- /ʁ/ is the pronunciation of r usually found in southern and southeastern dialects of Norway. Bergen has the dialect best known for this sound. Said to come from Danish and/or German, originally from French.
- Dialects with /ʁ/ do not have retroflex consonants.
Nupe edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The twentieth letter of the Nupe alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also edit
Polish edit
Etymology edit
The Polish orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the history of Polish orthography article on Wikipedia for more, and r for development of the glyph itself.
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (upper case R, lower case)
- The twenty-third letter of the Polish alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script.
See also edit
Portuguese edit
Pronunciation edit
Audio (BR) (file)
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The eighteenth letter of the Portuguese alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also edit
Romani edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- (International Standard) The twenty-second letter of the Romani alphabet, written in the Latin script.
- (Pan-Vlax) The twenty-third letter of the Romani alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also edit
- (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, X x, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Ph ph, R r, S s, T t, Th th, U u, V v, Z z International Standard: (À à, Ä ä, Ǎ ǎ), Ć ć, Ćh ćh, (È è, Ë ë, Ě ě), (Ì ì, Ï ï, Ǐ ǐ), (Ò ò, Ö ö, Ǒ ǒ), Rr rr, Ś ś, (Ù ù, Ü ü, Ǔ ǔ), Ź ź, Ʒ ʒ, Q q, Ç ç, ϴ θ. Pan-Vlax: Č č, Čh čh, Dž dž, (Dź dź), Ř ř, Š š, (Ś ś), Ž ž, (Ź ź).
References edit
Romanian edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The twenty-first letter of the Romanian alphabet, called er, re, or rî and written in the Latin script.
See also edit
Scottish Gaelic edit
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The fifteenth letter of the Scottish Gaelic alphabet, written in the Latin script. It is preceded by p and followed by s. Its traditional name is ruis (“elder”).
See also edit
Serbo-Croatian edit
Alternative forms edit
- R (uppercase)
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (Cyrillic spelling р)
Silesian edit
Etymology edit
The Silesian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Silesian language article on Wikipedia for more, and r for development of the glyph itself.
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The twenty-fifth letter of the Silesian alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also edit
Skolt Sami edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (upper case R)
- The twenty-seventh letter of the Skolt Sami alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also edit
Spanish edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The nineteenth letter of the Spanish alphabet, written in the Latin script.
Derived terms edit
See also edit
Tagalog edit
Etymology edit
From Spanish r. Each pronunciation has a different source:
- Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English r.
- Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜇ (da/ra).
- Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish r.
Pronunciation edit
- Hyphenation: R
- (letter name, Filipino alphabet): IPA(key): /ʔaɾ/, [ʔɐɾ]
- (letter name, Abakada alphabet): IPA(key): /ɾa/, [ɾɐ]
- (letter name, Abecedario): IPA(key): /ˈʔeɾe/, [ˈʔɛ.ɾɛ]
- (phoneme): IPA(key): /ɾ/, [ɾ]
- Rhymes: -aɾ, -a, -eɾe
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R, Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇ᜔)
- The twentieth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (Filipino alphabet), called ar and written in the Latin script.
See also edit
- (Latin-script letters) titik; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ñ ñ, Ng ng, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R, Baybayin spelling ᜇ)
- The fifteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (Abakada alphabet), called ra and written in the Latin script.
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜇᜒ)
- (historical) The twenty-first letter of the Tagalog alphabet (Abecedario), called ere and written in the Latin script.
Further reading edit
- “r”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018
Turkish edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The twenty-first letter of the Turkish alphabet, called re and written in the Latin script.
See also edit
Turkmen edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (upper case R)
- The twenty-first letter of the Turkmen alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script.
See also edit
Yoruba edit
Pronunciation edit
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The nineteenth letter of the Yoruba alphabet, called rí and written in the Latin script.
See also edit
- (Latin-script letters) lẹ́tà; A a (Á á, À à, Ā ā), B b, D d, E e (É é, È è, Ē ē), Ẹ ẹ (Ẹ́ ẹ́, Ẹ̀ ẹ̀, Ẹ̄ ẹ̄), F f, G g, Gb gb, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Ī ī), J j, K k, L l, M m (Ḿ ḿ, M̀ m̀, M̄ m̄), N n (Ń ń, Ǹ ǹ, N̄ n̄), O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ō ō), Ọ ọ (Ọ́ ọ́, Ọ̀ ọ̀, Ọ̄ ọ̄), P p, R r, S s, Ṣ ṣ, T t, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Ū ū), W w, Y y
Zulu edit
Letter edit
r (lower case, upper case R)
- The eighteenth letter of the Zulu alphabet, written in the Latin script.