-ивать
Russian edit
Alternative forms edit
- -ывать (-yvatʹ)
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-ивать • (-ivatʹ)
- Used to form imperfective verbs from prefixed perfective verbs in -ить (-itʹ) and sometimes -еть (-etʹ), with iotation of the final consonant.
- оцени́ть pf (ocenítʹ) + -ивать (-ivatʹ) → оце́нивать impf (océnivatʹ)
- сноси́ть pf (snosítʹ) + -ивать (-ivatʹ) → сна́шивать impf (snášivatʹ)
- вы́здороветь pf (výzdorovetʹ) + -ивать (-ivatʹ) → выздора́вливать impf (vyzdorávlivatʹ)
- Used as a spelling variant in place of -ывать (-yvatʹ) to form imperfective verbs from prefixed perfective verbs in -ать (-atʹ), -нуть (-nutʹ) and sometimes -ить (-itʹ) with root-final velars (к г х) and hushing consonants (ш ж ч щ), without iotation of the final consonant.
- вмеша́ться pf (vmešátʹsja) + -ивать (-ivatʹ) → вме́шиваться impf (vméšivatʹsja)
- вы́толкнуть pf (výtolknutʹ) + -ивать (-ivatʹ) → выта́лкивать impf (vytálkivatʹ)
- подскочи́ть pf (podskočítʹ) + -ивать (-ivatʹ) → подска́кивать impf (podskákivatʹ)
- Used to form frequentative verbs from non-prefixed verbs in -ить (-itʹ) and sometimes -еть (-etʹ), with iotation of the final consonant.
- Used as a spelling variant in place of -ывать (-yvatʹ) to form frequentative verbs from non-prefixed verbs in -ать (-atʹ), -нуть (-nutʹ) and sometimes -ить (-itʹ) with root-final velars (к г х) and hushing consonants (ш ж ч щ), without iotation of the final consonant.
Usage notes edit
The frequentative and imperfectivizing suffixes are etymologically the same. The spelling-variant suffixes can be distinguished from the other suffixes by their iotation behavior, by the restriction of the second type to certain root-final consonants, and by the types of verbs they usually affect. Note also that in the spelling-variant type, an underlying root consonant that has been modified or deleted may reappear, as in подска́кивать impf (podskákivatʹ), based on the root подскок-, which appears in iotated form in подскочи́ть pf (podskočítʹ). For all -ывать (-yvatʹ)/-ивать suffixes, the stress is drawn onto the syllable before the suffix, and an о in that syllable usually changes into а.
Conjugation edit
Conjugation of -́ивать (class 1a imperfective transitive)
| imperfective aspect | ||
|---|---|---|
| infinitive | -́ивать -́ivatʹ | |
| participles | present tense | past tense |
| active | -́ивающий -́ivajuščij |
-́ивавший -́ivavšij |
| passive | -́иваемый -́ivajemyj |
— |
| adverbial | -́ивая -́ivaja |
-́ивав -́ivav, -́ивавши -́ivavši |
| present tense | future tense | |
| 1st singular (я) | -́иваю -́ivaju |
бу́ду -́ивать búdu -́ivatʹ |
| 2nd singular (ты) | -́иваешь -́ivaješʹ |
бу́дешь -́ивать búdešʹ -́ivatʹ |
| 3rd singular (он/она́/оно́) | -́ивает -́ivajet |
бу́дет -́ивать búdet -́ivatʹ |
| 1st plural (мы) | -́иваем -́ivajem |
бу́дем -́ивать búdem -́ivatʹ |
| 2nd plural (вы) | -́иваете -́ivajete |
бу́дете -́ивать búdete -́ivatʹ |
| 3rd plural (они́) | -́ивают -́ivajut |
бу́дут -́ивать búdut -́ivatʹ |
| imperative | singular | plural |
| -́ивай -́ivaj |
-́ивайте -́ivajte | |
| past tense | singular | plural (мы/вы/они́) |
| masculine (я/ты/он) | -́ивал -́ival |
-́ивали -́ivali |
| feminine (я/ты/она́) | -́ивала -́ivala | |
| neuter (оно́) | -́ивало -́ivalo | |
Derived terms edit
See also edit
- -я́ть (-játʹ) (another way to form imperfective verbs from prefixed perfective verbs, usually in -ить (-itʹ), and with iotation)
- -а́ть (-átʹ) (spelling variant of the above after hushing consonants (ш ж ч щ), which frequently result from iotation)
- -а́ть (-átʹ) (a different, homophonous suffix used to form imperfective verbs from prefixed perfective verbs of certain classes, without iotation)
- -ва́ть (-vátʹ) (a suffix used to form imperfective verbs from perfective verbs with vowel-final roots, as well as class-1 verbs in -еть (-etʹ))