-sa
See also: Appendix:Variations of "sa"
Estonian edit
Suffix edit
-sa
Finnish edit
Etymology 1 edit
Probably originally from a dialectal variant of -isa (compare, for example, dialectal joutsa for joutuisa). The slang usage is probably an extension of the original use as an adjectival suffix.
Suffix edit
-sa (front vowel harmony variant -sä, linguistic notation -sA)
- Forms some adjectives.
- Forms slang nouns and adjectives, usually with clipping.
Derived terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
See -nsa.
Suffix edit
-sa (front vowel harmony variant -sä, linguistic notation -sA) (dialectal)
- Alternative form of -nsa
Irish edit
Alternative forms edit
- -se (used after palatalized consonants and front vowels)
Etymology edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-sa
- emphatic suffix of the following persons; used after velarized consonants and back vowels:
- first-person singular
- second-person singular
- third-person singular feminine
- second-person plural
Usage notes edit
Spelled with a hyphen after -s, otherwise without a hyphen.
- Added to nouns (or adjectives modifying a noun) in the presence of the possessive adjective to emphasize the possessor rather than the thing possessed:
- mo chos-sa ― my foot
- do charr deargsa ― your sg red car
- Added to pronouns (both simple and prepositional) to add emphasis (not to create a reflexive pronoun):
- aistise ― out of her
- sibhse ― you pl
- Added to synthetic verb forms to add emphasis to the subject:
- cloisimse ― I hear
- chloisteása ― you sg used to hear
- chualabhairse ― you pl heard
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Japanese edit
Romanization edit
-sa
Latin edit
Suffix edit
-sa
- inflection of -sus:
Suffix edit
-sā
Old Irish edit
Alternative forms edit
- -se (slender form)
Suffix edit
-sa
- emphatic first-person singular suffix
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 14c23
- co beid .i. co mbed a ndéde sin im labrad-sa .i. gáu et fír .i. combad sain a n‑as·berin ó bélib et aní imme·rádin ó chridiu
- so that there may be, i.e. so that those two things might be in my (emphatic) speaking, namely false and true, i.e. so that what I might say with [my] lips and what I might think with [my] heart might be different
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 16d8
- Bíuu-sa oc irbáig dar far cenn-si fri Maccidóndu.
- I (emphatic) am boasting about you to the Macedonians.
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 20c25
- Níta chumme-se friusom.
- I (emphatic) am not like them (emphatic).
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 14c23
Derived terms edit
See also edit
Old Irish emphatic suffixes
| Person | Emphatic suffixes |
|---|---|
| 1 sg. | -se, -sa |
| 2 sg. | -siu, -so, -su |
| 3 sg. m.n. | -som, -sem, -sium, -sum, -sam |
| 3 sg. f. | -si |
| 1 pl. | -ni, -nai, -sni |
| 2 pl. | -si |
| 3 pl. | -som, -sem, -sium, -sum, -sam |
| Emphatic suffixes are added to nouns modified by a possessive determiner to emphasize the possessor; to verbs, predicate adjectives, and predicate nouns to emphasize the subject; and to inflected prepositions to emphasize the object. | |
Quechua edit
Suffix edit
-sa
- Alternative spelling of -chka
Romani edit
Suffix edit
-sa
- Alternative spelling of -ça
Scottish Gaelic edit
Alternative forms edit
- -se (slender form)
Suffix edit
-sa
- -self (emphatic)
Usage notes edit
- Added to prepositional pronouns (ending in a broad consonant) to add emphasis (not to create a reflexive pronoun):
- Used in first-person singular: (e.g., agamsa).
- Used in second-person singular: (e.g., ortsa).
Derived terms edit
See also edit
Somali edit
Suffix edit
-sa
Turkish edit
| preceding vowel | |
|---|---|
| A / I / O / U | E / İ / Ö / Ü |
| -sa | -se |
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Ottoman Turkish ـسا (-sa), ـس (-se), evolved from the verb Proto-Turkic *sā- or *sā(j)- (“to count, to consider, to desire something, to count something among one's wishes”).[1][2][3] Compare saymak. Cognates with Azerbaijani -sa, -sə, Karakhanid ـسا, ـسه.
Suffix edit
-sa
- Derives verbs of wish, desire, inclination towards the noun it is derived from.
- su (“water”) + -sa → susamak (“to thirst, to feel the need to drink water”)
- durak (“stop, pause”) + -sa → duraksamak (“to pause, to seem to pause”)
- kap (“a container, receptacle”) + -sa → kapsamak (“to contain, to encompass”)
- umur (“caring, minding, paying attention”) + -sa → umursamak (“to care, to mind, to pay attention”)
- Derives verbs from nouns or adjectives in the sense "to regard as, to consider to be."
- çok (“much, a lot”) + -sa → çoksamak (“to regard as a lot”)
- hafif (“light, easy, ineffective, unimportant”) + -se → hafifsemek (“to regard as easy or unimportant, to disregard”)
- garip (“strange, weird”) + -se → garipsemek (“to regard as or find strange”)
- Forms a compound suffix with -im (“derives nouns from verbs”)[4] before it and derives verbs.)
- gül- (“to smile, to laugh”) + -ümse → gülümsemek (“to smile”)
- ben (“I, me”) + -imse → benimsemek (“to internalize, to embrace, to adopt”)
- küçük (“small, little”) + -ümse → küçümsemek (“to belittle, to underestimate”)
- Forms a compound suffix with -im (“derives nouns from verbs”) before it and -ar (“participle suffix”)[5] after it and derives adjectives.
- Forms a compound suffix with -il (“derives nouns or adjectives from verbs or nouns”)[6] after it and derives adjectives.
| preceding vowel | |
|---|---|
| A / I / O / U | E / İ / Ö / Ü |
| -sa | -se |
Etymology 2 edit
From Ottoman Turkish ـسه (-sa, -se), from Old Turkic *-sar, from Proto-Turkic *-sar or *-sa, where the "r" was gradually omitted over time.[3][7] Cognate with Old Uyghur *-sar.
Usage notes edit
- The conjunction ise is derived from the auxiliary verb imek with this suffix and in many cases they are interchangable, despite sources classifying the two as separate entities.
Suffix edit
-sa
- Denotes conditional mood in sentences within a conditional sub-clause.
- Parası olsa, düşünmeden alır. ― If he had money, he would buy it without thinking.
- Sabah erken kalksa, okula geç kalmaz. ― If she got up early in the morning, she wouldn't be late to school.
- Birine sorsak daha kolay bulabiliriz. ― We could find it more easily if we asked someone.
- Beğense de beğenmese de, bu onun görevi. ― Whether he likes it or not, this is his duty.
- Denotes optative mood to the main verb in simple sentences; can be used with modals.
- Ah, benim de senin kadar zamanım olsa. ― Ugh, I wish I had as much time as you.
- Yarın sen de bizimle gelsen. ― (Why don't you) Come with us tomorrow.
- Keşke artık okula dönebilsem, arkadaşlarımı çok özledim. ― I wish I could go back to school, I miss my friends a lot. (Two simple sentences connected with a comma.)
- İnsanlar el ele tutuşsa. Birlik olsa. Uzansak sonsuza. ― If only people held hands. If only they united. If only we could reach eternity.
- Keşke erken yatmak zorunda olmasak. ― If only we didn't have to go to bed early.
- The sub-clause formed with the optative mood can act as the subject of the verb.[8]
- Sen de bizimle gelsen olmaz mı? ― Wouldn't it be good if you came with us, too? (literally, “Would your coming with us not be good?”)
- Bu öneriye ne kadar itiraz etsen yeridir. ― You couldn't object to this proposal enough. (literally, “Any amount of objection of yours to this proposal would be justified.”)
- Conditional and optative moods can be used with past moods of the copula to form complex verbs.
- Daha çok çalışsaydık kazanırdık. ― If we had practiced more, we would have won.
- Keşke o son baklavayı yemeseydim. ― I wish I hadn't eaten that last baklava.
- The optative mood can denote a reprimanding tone with past moods of the copula in colloquial usage.
- İyi bir üniversite kazanmak istiyordun madem, daha çok çalışsaydın. ― Well, if you wanted to enter a good university, you should have studied more.
- Ne yapayım, babasını dinleseymiş de satmasaymış arabasını. ― What shall I do, he should have listened to his father and not sell his car.
- Denotes conditional mood of the copula, affixed to nouns or noun-based words to turn them into verbs; can be written separately as the "ise" conjunction with personal inflections affixed onto the conjunction. If it is affixed to a word that ends in a vowel, "y" acts as buffer consonant in between.
- İnsansan (İnsan isen) çöpünü buraya atma! ― If you are a human being, don't throw your garbage here!
- Çok pahalıysa (pahalı ise), almam. ― I won't buy it if it's too expensive.
- Eğer şanslıysanız (şanslı iseniz), hayatınızı "öncesi" ve "sonrası" olarak ayırabilecek biriyle tanışırsınız. ― If you're lucky, you'll meet someone that can divide your life into "before" and "after."
- Hava soğuksa (soğuk ise) dışarı çıkmayalım. ― If the weather is cold, let's not go outside.
- In the negative form of the above structure, the suffix is affixed to the negation particle.
- Hava soğuk değilse (soğuk değil ise) dışarı çıkalım. ― If the weather is not cold, let's go outside.
- The conditional mood of the copula can be used to denote contrast or introducing a new idea that follows from the first; can be written separately as the "ise" conjunction.
- Ben gitar çalarım, kız kardeşimse (kız kardeşim ise) piyano çalar. ― I play the guitar, whereas my sister plays the piano.
- Tansiyonu yüksek, ateşiyse (ateşi ise) normalin üstünde. ― Her blood pressure is high, (and) her temperature is above normal.
- Time conjunctions and modals can be used with the conditional mood of the copula to form complex verbs; can be written separately as the "ise" conjunction, however it is rarely used in modern Turkish.
- Babam işten erken gelirse, sinemaya gidebiliriz. ― We can go to the movies if dad comes home early.
- Kopyalama işlemi bitmişse, sürücüyü çıkarabilirsiniz. ― You may remove the driver, if the copying process has ended.
- Bu kağıtları kullanmayacaksan çöpe atacağım. ― If you're not going to use these papers, I'll throw them away.
- Kişiyi mutluluk öldürebilirse, benim çoktan ölmem gerekirdi! ― If happiness could kill a person, I would have died long ago!
- Forms a compound imperative structure in colloquial usage with the interjection "a"[9] (complies with vowel harmony), denoting an insistent request or command. In the 3rd person, the interjection "ya" replaces it and is written separately.[7]
- ye- (“to eat”) + -se + -n → yesen (Con/Opt mood 2nd Sg.) + a (interj.) → Yesene! (“Go ahead, eat!”)
- bak- (“to look”) + -ma + -sa + -nız → bakmasanız (Con/Opt mood 2nd Pl. neg.) + a (interj.) → Bakmasanıza! (“Stop looking!”)
- Bu akşam bize gelsenize! ― (Why don't you) Come to our place tonight!
- Annesine ev işlerinde yardım etse ya! ― Why doesn't he help his mother with the house chores!
- Repeating of the verb with the suffix forms an adverbial phrase denoting a certainty for the action to be fulfilled in a particular way or by a particular person.
- Bu açıdan atsa atsa Alex gol atar. ― Only Alex could score a goal from this angle.
- Bizim mesele çözülse çözülse mahkemede çözülür. ― Our affair could only be resolved at court.
- Forms sub-clauses with question words, denoting an expansion or generalization of the scope of the verb. Depending on the question word, the sub-clause can act as the subject, object or adverbial phrase in the sentence.
- Elimi neye atsam bozuluyor. ― Whatever I touch breaks.
- Kim olsa bu şartlara isyan ederdi. ― Anybody would protest these conditions.
- Kimi görsem sen sanıyorum. ― Whomever I see I think is you.
- Buraya ne zaman gelsem eski günleri hatırlarım. ― I remember the old days whenever I come here.
- Nereye gitse elinde mutlaka bir kitap olur. ― Wherever she goes, she always has a book in her hands.
- Forms formulaic adverbs with certain question words.
- Forms an indefinite pronoun with the question word "kim".
References edit
- ^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), "+sA" - in Nişanyan Sözlük
- ^ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*sā(j)-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bulak, Şahap. "TÜRKÇEDE +sA- İSİMDEN FİİL YAPMA EKİ." Electronic Turkish Studies 7.3 (2012).
- ^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), "+Im" - in Nişanyan Sözlük
- ^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), "+()r" - in Nişanyan Sözlük
- ^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), "+Il" - in Nişanyan Sözlük
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Benzer, Ahmet. "-sA Ekinin İşlevleri ve Dilek-Şart Ayrımı." Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 28 (2010): 131-140.
- ^ Develi, Hayati. "-sA eki nedir? Kip mi?, Zarf-fill mi?." (1995).
- ^ Gedizli, Mehmet. "TÜRKÇEDE ÜNLEMLER VE TEMEL İŞLEVİ." Journal of International Social Research 8.36 (2015).
Ye'kwana edit
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-sa
- diminutive suffix for postpositions and adverbs.
Usage notes edit
This suffix triggers lengthening of the preceding vowel.
References edit
- Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-:sa”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[1], Lyon, page 136