Appendix:Arabic influence on Spanish

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      Arabic influence on the Spanish language

      Estimates of the number of Arabic loanwords in the Spanish language range from 2000 to 3000 words, a majority of which are nouns, with a more limited number of verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions, thus not substantially changing the grammar or basic structure of the language. The exact number of words of Arabic origin in Spanish is not known. Many Arabism’s not included on this list are regionalisms: words which are used in certain parts of Spain and/or Latin America but are generally unknown elsewhere.

      Methodology

      This is an open list of Spanish words acquired directly from Classical and Template:wtyl, listed in alphabetical order. This list includes the Spanish meaning of the word as well as the Arabic etymology. No fixed standard of Arabic transliteration is used. Due to the heavy influence of Arabic on Spanish, this list is relatively restrictive:

      • Only words which have passed directly from Arabic are included. Arabic words which entered the Spanish language through other, non-Iberian, European languages (such as beduino, sofá or sorbete) are not included.
      • Only Spanish root words are listed, derivations not being included. For example, aceite (from az-zeit, oil) is included but not aceitería, aceitero, aceitón or aceitoso. On the other hand, aceituna (olive) is included since it derives not from الزيت az-zeit but from الزيتونة az-zeituna in Arabic, even though the root of the Arabic word is the same. An exception to this rule may be made when the derived word is much more commonly used than the root word or when it is not evident that one is derived from the other (e.g., horro and ahorrar).
      • Words derived from Mozarabic are not included (Mozarabic being fundamentally a Romance language), unless the Mozarabic word is itself derived from classical Arabic.

      The etymology and meaning of most of these words can be verified on the site of the Real Academia de la Lengua Española, although a small minority are only available in past editions of this dictionary.

      A

      1. ababol: silly or thoughtless person. Used mainly in the Spanish region of Aragon. Poppy. In Aragon, Navarre, Albacete and Murcia. From Andalusian Arabic Happapáwr, a fusion of the Arabic word ħabb (حب) "seed" and the Latin papāver.
      2. abacero: owner of an abacería, small food shop. From Andalusi Arabic ʂaħb azzād (صاحب الزاد) "owner of the supplies."
      3. abadí: descendant/lineage of Mohammed ben Abad, founder of the Taifa Kingdom of Seville in the 11th century AD. From Andalusi Arabic abbadi (عبّادي).
      4. abalorio: cheap jewelry; jewelry beads. From Andalusi Arabic al balluri (البلوري) "made of glass."
      5. abarraz: stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria), a medicinal plant. From Andalusi Arabic ħabb ar-ra’s (حب الرأس) "head seeds."
      6. abasí: pertaining to the Abbasid dynasty, which overthrew the Umayyads in the 8th century.
      7. abelmosco: musk seeds, an aromatic plant. From Andalusi Arabic ħabb al-musk (حب المسك) literally "musk seeds."
      8. abencerraje: used in expression: "Zegríes y abencerrajes", which means "partisans of opposite interests". The Abencerrajes (in Arabic aban as-sarráǧ) was an Arabic family of the Kingdom of Granada, rivals of the Zegríes in the 15th century.
      9. abenuz: ebony. From Arabic abanus (أبنوس) of the same meaning.
      10. abismal: screw in head of a spear. From Arabic al-mismar (المسمار) "nail."
      11. abitaque: a cut of wood used in construction of a certain shape and dimension. From Arabic Tabaqa (طبقة) "layer" or "intermediate chamber."
      12. acebibe: raisin. From Arabic zabib (زبيب) of the same meaning.
      13. acebuche: wild olive tree, or wood from such a tree. From Andalusi Arabic azzabbúǧ.
      14. aceche: copper, iron or zinc sulfate. From Arabic zāǧ.
      15. aceifa: Muslim summer military expedition. From Arabic Sa'ifah "harvest" or "summer expedition."
      16. aceite: oil. From Arabic az-zayt (الزيت) "oil."
      17. aceituna: olive. From Arabic الزيتون (az-zaytun) "olive."
      18. aceituní: precious cloth from the Orient. From Arabic az-zaytuni, a possible adaptation of the Chinese city Tsö-Thung.
      19. acelga: chard. From Arabic as-silqa of the same meaning.
      20. acémila: beast of burden; tax formerly paid in Spain. From Arabic az-zamilah "beast of burden."
      21. acemite: wheat husk; a type of wheat porridge. From Arabic as-samid (السميد).
      22. acenefa: see cenefa.
      23. aceña: water mill. From Arabic as-saniyah "the lifter."
      24. acequia: irrigation canal. From Arabic as-saqiyah "the irrigator."
      25. acerola: fruit of the service tree (the tree itself is called acerolo). From Arabic zu 'rūrah. Originally from Syriac za‘rārā.
      26. acetre: bucket or Cauldron used to extract water from a well; small cauldron used to spray holy water in Christian liturgy. From Arabic as-saTl (السطل).
      27. aciar: (or acial): instrument used to keep farm-animals still by squeezing their ear or snout. From Arabic az-ziyār.
      28. acíbar: aloe (both the plant and its bitter juice); bitterness, grief, distaste. From Arabic aS-Sabr.
      29. acicalar: to clean or polish (acicalarse in reflexive form); to make oneself look good by combing, shaving etc. From Arabic aS-Siqal, an instrument used for polishing things.
      30. acicate: spurs or the spikes on spurs; incentive. From Arabic (Muzil) as-siqaT "what takes away weaknesses."
      31. acidaque: Muslim dowry. From Arabic as-Sidaq, dowry in Islamic law.
      32. acimut: astrological concept: angle with which the meridian forms a vertical circle which passes through a point in the globe. From Arabic assumut plural of samt.
      33. ación: handle on the stirrup. From Arabic suyūr, plural of sayr "strap."
      34. acirate: line of soil used to separate different plots of land; path between two lines of trees. From Arabic SirāT.
      35. acitara or citara: thin wall, normally on a bridge. From Arabic sitārah, wall to avoid falls.
      36. achacar: to blame. From Arabic tashakkà (تشكى): to complain or to blame.
      37. adafina: pot used by Hebrews to cook. It is buried in embers on Friday night, where it cooks until Saturday. From Arabic: dafina "buried."
      38. adalid: leader; general of Spanish militia. From Arabic dalil (دليل).
      39. adaraja: each of the gaps made by the bricks in a horizontally unfinished wall. From daraja.
      40. adarga: leather shield. From Arabic daraqah.
      41. adárgama:(rarely used today) flour. From Arabic darmaka.
      42. adarme: small portion of something; type of measurement. From Arabic dirham (درهم).
      43. adarvar: to shock. From Arabic darb (ضرب) "blow."
      44. adarve: wall of a fortress; protection, defense. From Arabic darb (ضرب)
      45. adaza: sorghum. From Arabic duqsah.
      46. adefera: a small, square wall or floor tile. From Arabic add-ddafeera.
      47. adehala: that which is granted or taken as obligatory with the price in the leasing or sale of a property. From Mozarabic ad ihala and originally from Arabic ihala "offering credit."
      48. adelfa: oleander. From Arabic ad-difla (الدفلى) of the same meaning.
      49. ademán: gesticulation which expresses the will to do something. From Arabic aD-Daman (الضمان), literally meaning legal guarantees. The change of meaning is due to the exaggerated promises and gesticulations which were offered in such a plea.
      50. ademe: wooden structures used to strengthen tunnels in mines. From Arabic di'mah.
      51. aderra: cord used to press grapes or olives in order to obtain their juice. From Andalusi Arabic ad-dirra a noose or cord used to punish those who were guilty of fraud.
      52. adiafa: present or refreshment given to sailors when back from a voyage. From Arabic Diyafa (ضيافة) "present of hospitality."
      53. adivas: a disease provoking throat inflammation in animals. From Arabic aD-Dibbah "wolverine" - which is the old Arabic name for this disease.
      54. adive: a type of canid similar to a fox. From Arabic di'b (ذئب).
      55. adobe: brick made from clay. From Arabic at-tuba (الطوبة from Coptic tôbe) of the same meaning, and from ad-dabba.
      56. adoquín: paving-stone, cobble; block. From Arabic Dukkan bench of rock or wood.
      57. ador: in regions where water for irrigation is restricted and shared out by local authorities, irrigation-time for each farm/field. From Arabic dawr.
      58. aduana: customs house; customs. From Arabic diwan (ديوان).
      59. aduar: semi-permanent rural settlement, normally used for Gypsies, Bedouins or Amerindians in South America. From Bedouin Arabic duwwar.
      60. adúcar: type of silk made from the outside of the silk-worm's cocoon. From Andalusi Arabic Haduqa.
      61. adufe:tambourine used by Spanish Muslims. From Arabic Duff (دف).
      62. adul: in Morocco, assessor of the Cadí. From Arabic adl "trustworthy person."
      63. adula: see dula.
      64. adunia: (adverb) lots. From Andalusi Arabic addunya, originally from Classical Arabic duniya (الدنيا) "the (whole) world."
      65. adutaque: same meaning as adárgama. From Arabic duqaq (دقاق) "fine flour."
      66. afán: effort; desire; zeal. From afanar.
      67. afanar: to steal; to work with passion. From Arabic fanaaʔ (فناء) "extinction," "annihilation through passion."
      68. aguajaque: the whitish resin of fennel. From Arabic aw-washaq "contaminated with water."
      69. agüela: Renta de los derechos sobre préstamos consignados en documento público. From Arabic Hawalah.
      70. ajabeba: Moorish flute. From Classical Arabic sabbabah.
      71. ajaquefa: ??Ceiling??. Arabic as-saqaf السقف
      72. ajaraca:
      73. ajarafe: terrace. From Classical Arabic saraf "commanding height."
      74. ajebe: Alum; Para rubber Tree. From Arabic as-Shabb.
      75. ajedrea: plant of the family of the Labiadas, about three decimeters of height, very populated with branches and narrow leaves, of dark color. It is cultivated for adornment in the gardens. From Arabic assariyya or assiriyya, ultimately from Latin satureia.
      76. ajedrez: chess. From Arabic ash shitrang (الشطرنج).
      77. ajenuz: nutmeg flower or Roman coriander (Nigella Sativa). From Andalusi Arabic Shanuz and ultimately Classical Arabic Shuniz.
      78. ajimez: bent; window divided in the center by a vertical divider; salient balcony done of wood and with lattice windows. From Arabic samis.
      79. ajomate: pluricellular alga formed by very thin filaments, without knots, bright and of intense green color. It abounds in fresh waters of Spain. From Classical Arabic gumam.
      80. ajonjolí: sesame; herbaceous, annual plant of the family of the Pedaliaceae, a meter high, straight stem, serrate and almost triangular leaves, white or rosy corolla, and fruit with four delicate, yellowish, oily and edible capsules and many seeds. From Classical Arabic gulgulan "sesame."
      81. ajorca: bangle; type of gold hoop, silver or another metal, used by the women to adorn the wrists, arms or the feet. From Classical Arabic shuruk, ultimately from the word shirāk "strap."
      82. ajorrar: To drag, to tow. See Jorro.
      83. ajuagas: equine animal ulcers. From Classical Arabic shuqaq.
      84. ajuar: a collection of household and personal items (clothes, furniture, jewelry etc...) which women in Spain traditionally prepare from a young age for the day in which they marry and move in with their husband. From Arabic Shawar.
      85. alacena: cupboard. From Classical Arabic ẖizānah (خزانة).
      86. alacet: foundation of a building. From Classical Arabic asas (أساس).
      87. alacrán: scorpion. From Classical Arabic aqrab (عقرب) of same meaning.
      88. aladar
      89. aladroque:
      90. alafa: wage; pay. From Classical Arabic alafah "subsistence allowance."
      91. 'alafia: grace; pardon; mercy. From Andalusian Arabic al afya ultimately from Classical Arabic afiyah (عافية) "health."
      92. alahílca: tapestry to adorn the walls. Perhaps of alailaca from Andalusian Arabic ilaqa, and this of Classical Arabic ilāqah (علاقة) perhaps meaning "hanger."
      93. alajor
      94. alajú
      95. alamar
      96. alambique: alembic. From Arabic al-anbiq "the cup/container holding water", in turn from Greek.
      97. alambor (two meanings from al'ubur and from al-hambad)
      98. alamín
      99. alamud
      100. alaqueca
      101. alárabe
      102. alarde/alardear: To boast/to show off.
      103. alarido: Scream.
      104. alarife
      105. alarije
      106. alaroz
      107. alaroza
      108. alatar
      109. alatrón
      110. alazán
      111. alazor
      112. albacara: Wall around a fortress (within which cattle were normally kept. From Arabic bab al-baqqara The cattle door. baqara (بقرة) means "cow" in Arabic.
      113. albacea: executor (of a will). From Andalusi Arabic Sahb al Wassiya (صاحب الوصية); "the owner of the will".
      114. albacora: albacore. From Arabic al-bakura "premature" or al-bakrah "young camel."
      115. albadena
      116. albahaca
      117. albahío
      118. albaida
      119. albanar
      120. albanega
      121. albaní
      122. albañal
      123. albañil
      124. albaquía: the remainder. From Arabic al-baqi (الباقي) of the same meaning.
      125. albarán
      126. albarrán
      127. albarazo
      128. albarda
      129. albardán
      130. albardín
      131. albaricoque: apricot. From Arabic al-barqouq (البرقوق) "plum" or "early-ripe."
      132. albarrada
      133. albarrán
      134. albarrana
      135. albatoza
      136. albayalde
      137. albéitar
      138. albenda
      139. albengala
      140. alberca
      141. albérchigo
      142. albihar
      143. albitana
      144. alboaire
      145. albogue: Single-reed clarinet used in Spain. From Arabic al-bûq (البوق): The horn or the trumpet.
      146. alboheza
      147. albohol
      148. albollón
      149. albóndiga: meatball; ball. From Arabic al-bunduqa (البندقة) "the ball."
      150. albórbola
      151. alborga
      152. albornía
      153. albornoz: Bath-robe. From al-burnos (البرنس); "bathrobe".
      154. alboronía
      155. alboroque
      156. alborozo
      157. albotín
      158. albricias
      159. albudeca
      160. albufera: Lagoon. From al-buhayra (البحيرة); little sea, lake.
      161. albur
      162. alcabala
      163. alcabor
      164. alcabtea
      165. alcacel
      166. alcachofa: Artichoke. From al-ẖarshoof of the same meaning.
      167. alcaduz
      168. alcafar
      169. alcahaz
      170. alcahuete
      171. alcaicería
      172. alcaide:
      173. alcalde: Mayor.
      174. álcali: alkali. From Arabic qalawi (قلوي) of the same meaning.
      175. alcaller
      176. alcamiz
      177. alcamonías
      178. alcana
      179. alcaná
      180. alcancía: Clay money box, penny or piggy bank. From Andalusi Arabic alkanzíyya, derived from Classical Arabic kanz: treasure.
      181. alcándara
      182. alcandía
      183. alcandora
      184. alcanería
      185. alcanfor
      186. alcántara/alcantarilla: drain; sewer. From Arabic al-qantarah.
      187. alcaparra
      188. alcaraván
      189. alcaravea
      190. alcarceña
      191. alcarraza
      192. alcarria
      193. alcatanes
      194. alcatara (or alquitara)
      195. alcatifa
      196. alcatraz
      197. alcaucil, artichoke. From Spanish Arabic: alqabsíl[a], that comes from Mozarab diminutive kapićéḻa, and this from Spanish Latin: capĭtia, head. (Standard Latin, Caput-itis)
      198. alcavela
      199. alcazaba
      200. alcázar: citadel; palace. From Arabic al-qasr (القصر) "the citadel."
      201. alcazuz (or orozuz)
      202. alcoba: alcove. From Arabic al-qubba "the vault" or "the arch."
      203. alcohela
      204. alcohol: from Arabic al-kuhul (الكحول) fine powder of antimony sulfide used as eye makeup.
      205. alcoholar
      206. alcolla
      207. alcor
      208. alcora
      209. alcorcí
      210. alcorque
      211. alcorza
      212. alcotán
      213. alcotana
      214. alcrebite
      215. alcuacil
      216. alcubilla
      217. alcuña
      218. alcuza
      219. alcuzcuz
      220. alchub
      221. aldaba
      222. aldea/aldeano: Village/Villager.
      223. aldiza
      224. alefriz
      225. aleja
      226. alejija
      227. alema
      228. alerce
      229. aletría
      230. aleve/alevoso/alevosía
      231. aleya
      232. alfaba
      233. alfábega
      234. alfadía
      235. alfaguara
      236. alfahar/alfaharería
      237. alfaida
      238. alfajeme
      239. alfajor: Sweet almond shortbread. From Spanish Arabic fašúr, and this from Persian afšor (juice).
      240. alfalfa: alfalfa. From Arabic al-fafaa literally "the best kind of fodder"
      241. alfaneque (two meanings, a type of bird, from Arabic al-fanak and a tent from Berber afarag)
      242. alfanje
      243. alfaque
      244. alfaqueque
      245. alfaquí
      246. alfaquín
      247. alfaraz
      248. alfarda (two meanings from al-farda and from al-fardda)
      249. alfardón
      250. alfareme
      251. alfarje
      252. alfarrazar
      253. alfaya
      254. alfayate
      255. alfazaque
      256. alféizar
      257. alfeñique
      258. alferecía
      259. alferez
      260. alferraz
      261. alferza
      262. alficoz
      263. alfil: bishop, in chess. From Arabic al-feel (الفيل) "the elephant."
      264. alfilel/alfiler
      265. alfinge
      266. alfitete
      267. alfiz
      268. alfolí
      269. alfombra (two meanings from al-jumra and al-humra)
      270. alfóndega
      271. alforfón
      272. alforja
      273. alforre
      274. alforrocho
      275. alforza
      276. alfóstigo
      277. alfoz
      278. algaba
      279. algaida
      280. algalia
      281. algar
      282. algara
      283. algarabía: incomprehensible talk; gabble; gibberish. From Arabic al-garabiya.
      284. algarivo
      285. algarrada
      286. algarrobo: carob. From Arabic al-kharouba "the carob."
      287. algavaro
      288. algazafán
      289. algazara
      290. algazul
      291. álgebra: algebra. From the name of al-Khwarizmi' book Hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala "The Calculus of Subtraction and Equality."
      292. algecireño
      293. algodón, "cotton", from Arabic "al-qutn", meaning "the cotton"
      294. algorfa
      295. algoritmo, algorithm, that comes from the name of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي, famous mathematician.
      296. algorza
      297. alguacil
      298. alguaquida
      299. alguaza
      300. alhadida
      301. alhaite
      302. alhaja: jewel. From Arabic al-hagah "the valuable thing."
      303. alhamar
      304. alhamel
      305. alhamí
      306. alhandal
      307. alhanía
      308. alhaquín
      309. alharaca
      310. alhavara
      311. alhelí
      312. alheña
      313. alholva
      314. alhorí
      315. alhorre (two meanings from al-khur and al-hurr)
      316. alhorría (or ahorría)
      317. alhucema
      318. alhuceña
      319. alhurreca
      320. aliacán
      321. aliara
      322. alicante
      323. alicatar
      324. alicate
      325. alidada
      326. alifa
      327. alifafe (two meanings from an-nafakh and al-lifah)
      328. alifara
      329. alijar
      330. alimara
      331. alioj
      332. alizace
      333. alizar
      334. aljaba
      335. aljabibe
      336. aljama
      337. aljamía/aljamiado: Medieval Romance Spanish or Mozarabic written in Arabic script.
      338. aljaraz
      339. aljarfa
      340. aljébana
      341. aljerife
      342. aljez
      343. aljibe
      344. aljófar/aljofarar
      345. aljofifa
      346. aljor (or aljez)
      347. aljuba
      348. aljuma
      349. añagaza
      350. almacabra
      351. almacén: deposit. From Arabic al-majzan of makhzan (المخزن) "the storage" or "the depot."
      352. almacería
      353. almáciga
      354. almadén
      355. almádena
      356. almadía
      357. almadraba: Tuna fishing. Word used primarily in Andalusia and particularly in Cadiz province.
      358. almadraque
      359. almagazén
      360. almagra
      361. almahala
      362. almaizar
      363. almaja
      364. almajaneque
      365. almajar
      366. almajara
      367. almalafa
      368. almanaque: almanac. From Arabic al-manakh (المناخ) "the climate." Or possibly from Greek almenichiakon "calendar."
      369. almacebe
      370. almarada
      371. almarbate
      372. almarcha
      373. almarjo
      374. almarrá
      375. almarraja or almarraza
      376. almártaga (two meanings, from al-marta'a and al martak)
      377. almástica
      378. almatroque
      379. almazara
      380. almazarrón
      381. almea (two meanings, from almay'a and 'alima)
      382. almejía
      383. almenara (two meanings, from al-manara and al-minhara)
      384. almez
      385. almíbar
      386. almicantarat
      387. almijar
      388. almijara
      389. almijarra
      390. almimbar
      391. alminar
      392. almiraj/almiraje/almiral
      393. almirez
      394. almizate
      395. almizcle/almizque
      396. almocadén
      397. almocafre
      398. almocárabe
      399. almoceda
      400. almocrebe
      401. almocrí
      402. almodón
      403. almófar
      404. almofariz
      405. almofía
      406. almofrej/almofrez
      407. almogama
      408. almogávar
      409. almohada: Pillow.
      410. almohade
      411. almoharrefa
      412. almohaza
      413. almojábana
      414. almojama (see mojama)
      415. almojarife
      416. almojaya
      417. almona
      418. almoneda
      419. almoraduj/almoradux
      420. almorávide:
      421. almorí
      422. almotacén
      423. almotalafe
      424. almotazaf/almotazán
      425. almozala/almozalla
      426. almud
      427. almuédano
      428. almunia
      429. alpechín
      430. alquería: farmhouse. From Arabic al-qaria "the village."
      431. aloque
      432. aloquín
      433. alpargata
      434. alquequenje
      435. alquería
      436. alquermes
      437. alquerque (Two meanings from al-qirq and al-qariq)
      438. alquez
      439. alquezar
      440. alquibla
      441. alquicel
      442. alquiler: Rent.
      443. alquimia
      444. alquinal
      445. alquitira
      446. alquitrán
      447. alrota
      448. altabaca
      449. altamía
      450. altramuz
      451. alubia: pea bean
      452. aludel
      453. aluquete/luquete
      454. alloza
      455. amán
      456. ámbar
      457. ámel
      458. amín
      459. amirí
      460. anacalo
      461. anacora
      462. anafaga
      463. anafalla/anafaya
      464. anafe
      465. anaquel
      466. andorra
      467. andrajo
      468. anea
      469. anejir
      470. anfión
      471. anorza
      472. anúteba
      473. añacal
      474. añacea/añacear
      475. añafea
      476. añafil
      477. añagaza
      478. añascar
      479. añazme
      480. añicos
      481. añil (ultimately from Sanskrit nilah "dark blue")
      482. arabí
      483. arancel
      484. arbellón/arbollón
      485. archí
      486. argadillo
      487. argamandel
      488. argamula
      489. argán
      490. argel
      491. argolla
      492. arguello/arguellarse
      493. arije
      494. arimez
      495. arjorán
      496. arnadí
      497. arrabá
      498. arrabal
      499. arracada
      500. arráez
      501. arrayán
      502. arrecife
      503. arrejaque/arrejacar
      504. arrelde
      505. arrequife
      506. arrequive
      507. arriate
      508. arricés
      509. arroba
      510. arrobda
      511. arrocabe
      512. arrope
      513. arroz: Rice.
      514. áscar/áscari
      515. asequi
      516. asesino: assassin. From Arabic hashshashin "someone who is addicted to hashish (marijuana)." Was originally use to refer to the followers of the Persian Hassan-i-Sabah] (حسن صباح), the Hashshashin.
      517. atabaca
      518. atabal
      519. atabe
      520. atacar
      521. atacir
      522. atafarra/ataharre
      523. atafea
      524. atahona
      525. atahorma
      526. ataifor
      527. ataire
      528. atalaya
      529. atalvina
      530. atambor
      531. atanor
      532. atanquía
      533. ataracea
      534. atarazana
      535. atarfe
      536. atarjea
      537. atarraga
      538. atarraya
      539. ataúd: Coffin.
      540. ataujía
      541. ataurique
      542. atifle
      543. atijara
      544. atíncar
      545. atoba
      546. atocha
      547. atracae
      548. atoque
      549. atríaca/atriaca
      550. atún: Tuna.
      551. atutía
      552. auge: Surge/rise.
      553. aulaga
      554. avería
      555. ayatolá
      556. azabache
      557. azabara
      558. azacán
      559. azacaya
      560. azache
      561. azafate/azafata
      562. azafrán: saffron. From Arabic za'firan of the same meaning. Perhaps from safra "yellow."
      563. azahar: White flower, especially from the orange tree. From Spanish Arabic azzahár, and this from Classic Arabic zahr, flowers
      564. azalá
      565. azamboa
      566. azándar
      567. azaque
      568. azaquefa
      569. azar: hazard; luck; chance; random. From Arabic al-zahr "the dice."
      570. azarbe
      571. azarcón
      572. azarja
      573. azarnefe
      574. azarote
      575. azófar
      576. azofra/azofrar
      577. azogue (two meanings: from az-za'uq and from as-suq)
      578. azolvar
      579. azor
      580. azorafa
      581. azote: Smacking, beating, scourge. From Arabic Sawt.
      582. azotea: Flat roof or terrace. From Andalusi Arabic assutáyha, diminutive of sath, terrace in Classical Arabic.
      583. azoya
      584. azúcar: sugar. From Arabic (سكر) sukkar of the same meaning.
      585. azucarí
      586. azucena
      587. azuche
      588. azud
      589. azufaifa/azufaifo
      590. azul: Blue. Derived from Arabic Lazaward.
      591. azulaque (or zulaque)
      592. azulejo
      593. azúmbar
      594. azumbre: Measurement for liquids equivalent to around two liters. From Del Andalusi Arabic aTTúmn, and this from Classical Arabic: Tum[u]n, "an eighth".

      B

      1. babismo: Babism. From Arabic باب "door."
      2. babucha — slipper
      3. badal
      4. badán
      5. badana
      6. badea
      7. badén — dip in land or sidewalk or ford
      8. badial
      9. bagarino
      10. bagre: a freshwater fish that has no scales, a catfish. From Arabic baghir or baghar.
      11. baharí
      12. baída
      13. baja: pasha, Turkish officer or governor of high rank. From Arabic basha ultimately from Turkish pasha of the same meaning.
      14. baladí
      15. balaj/balaje
      16. balate
      17. balda (and baldío)
      18. baldar
      19. balde: from Arabic batil "false" or "useless."
      20. bancal
      21. baño
      22. baraka
      23. barbacana
      24. barcino
      25. bardaje
      26. barragán
      27. barrio — area or district
      28. bata (either from Arabic batt of French ouate)
      29. batán
      30. batea
      31. baurac
      32. bayal
      33. baza (either Arabic or Italian origin)
      34. bazar — bazaar
      35. belez
      36. bellota: acorn, the fruit or seed of the oak tree. From Arabic balluta of the same meaning.
      37. ben
      38. benimerín
      39. benjuí
      40. berberí
      41. berberís
      42. bereber
      43. berenjena/berenjenal
      44. bezaar/bezoar
      45. bocací
      46. bodoque/bodocal
      47. bófeta
      48. bórax
      49. borní
      50. boronía
      51. botor
      52. bujía
      53. bulbul
      54. burche
      55. buz
      56. buzaque

      C

      1. cabila: tribe of Berbers or Bedouins. From Arabic قبيلة (qabīla), "tribe."
      2. cachera
      3. cadí
      4. cadira
      5. café: coffee. From قهوة (qáhwa) of the same meaning.
      6. cáfila
      7. cafiz (or cahiz)
      8. cafre
      9. caftán
      10. cáid (same origin as alcaide)
      11. caimacán
      12. cala
      13. calafate/calafatear
      14. calahorra
      15. calí (same root as álcali)
      16. cálibo/calibre
      17. cambuj
      18. camocán
      19. canana — cartridge belt
      20. cáncana/cancanilla
      21. cáncano
      22. cande (in azúcar cande)
      23. canfor
      24. caraba
      25. cárabe
      26. cárabo: owl; dog. Taken from قراب (qaraab) and كلب (kalb) "dog," respectively.
      27. caracoa
      28. caramida
      29. caramuzal
      30. caravana
      31. caravasar
      32. carcajada/carcajear
      33. carcax
      34. carmen/carme: From Spanish Arabic kárm, and this from Classical Arabic كرم (karm), vine.
      35. carmesí
      36. carmín
      37. carraca
      38. carrafa
      39. cártama/cártamo
      40. catán
      41. catifa
      42. cazurro
      43. cebiche
      44. cebtí
      45. ceca
      46. cedoaria
      47. cegatero
      48. cegrí
      49. ceje
      50. celemí/celemín/celeminero
      51. cenacho
      52. cendolilla
      53. cenefa
      54. ceneque
      55. cení
      56. cenia
      57. cenit
      58. cequí
      59. cerbatana
      60. cero: zero. From صفر (sifr) of the same meaning.
      61. cetís
      62. ceutí
      63. chafariz
      64. chafarote
      65. chaleco
      66. charrán
      67. chifla
      68. chiísmo
      69. chilaba (from Moroccan Arabic)
      70. chiquero
      71. chirivía
      72. chisme
      73. chivo
      74. choz
      75. chupa
      76. chuzo
      77. cianí
      78. cibica
      79. cica
      80. cicalar
      81. cicatear
      82. cicatero (cicatero has a different root to cicatear)
      83. ciclán
      84. ciclar
      85. ciclatón
      86. cid
      87. cifaque
      88. cifra/cifrar
      89. címbara
      90. cimboga
      91. cimitarra
      92. circón
      93. citara
      94. civeta/civeto
      95. coba/cobista
      96. cofa
      97. coima
      98. coime
      99. colcótar
      100. cora
      101. Corán
      102. corbacho
      103. corma
      104. cotonía
      105. cubeba
      106. cúrcuma
      107. curdo
      108. cuscuta
      109. cuscús (or alcuzcuz/cuzcuz)

      D

      1. dado: die. From Classical Arabic اعداد a'dad "numbers."
      2. daga — daggar
      3. dahír
      4. daifa
      5. dante
      6. darga (or adarga) — shield
      7. dársena — dock/basin
      8. daza
      9. derviche
      10. descafilar
      11. destartalado
      12. dey
      13. dínar
      14. dirham
      15. diván — divan/couch
      16. droga — drug
      17. druso
      18. dula/dular

      E

      1. edrisí
      2. ejarbe
      3. elche
      4. elemí
      5. embelecar/embeleco
      6. emir (or amir)
      7. encaramar
      8. enchufar/enchufe: To plug in/plug; To connect, to offer a job or a post through personal connections. From Andalusi Arabic Juf derived from Classical Arabic Jawf: stomach; internal cavity.
      9. engarzar — to set/thread
      10. enjalma
      11. enjarje
      12. enjeco
      13. escabeche: Pickle or marinade. From Arabic as-sukbaj. Originally from Persian Sekba.
      14. escafilar (see descafilar)
      15. escaque/escaquear
      16. espinaca — spinach
      17. exarico

      F

      1. faca
      2. falagar
      3. falca
      4. falleba
      5. faltriquera — pocket
      6. falúa/faluca
      7. fanega/hanega
      8. fanfarrón
      9. faranga (or haragán)
      10. farda
      11. fardacho
      12. farfán
      13. farnaca
      14. farota
      15. farruco
      16. felús
      17. fetua
      18. fez
      19. fideo
      20. filelí
      21. foceifiza
      22. fondolí
      23. fondac/fonda
      24. foz
      25. fulano: To refer to "anyone" without naming, X of people. Arabic: Fulan.
      26. fustal
      27. fustete

      G

      1. gabán
      2. gabela
      3. gacel/gacela
      4. gafetí
      5. galacho
      6. galanga
      7. galbana
      8. gálibo
      9. galima
      10. gandula/gandula
      11. garama
      12. garbino
      13. gardacho
      14. gárgol
      15. garrafa
      16. garrama
      17. garroba
      18. gilí
      19. gomer
      20. granadí
      21. grisgrís
      22. guadamací
      23. guájara
      24. guájete
      25. guala
      26. guarismo
      27. guifa
      28. guilla
      29. gumía
      30. gurapas

      H, I

      1. habiz
      2. habús
      3. hachís
      4. hacino
      5. hadruba
      6. hafiz
      7. hálara
      8. hálara
      9. hamudí
      10. haragán
      11. harambel
      12. harbar
      13. harén
      14. harma
      15. harón
      16. Hasaní
      17. hasta: Until. From Arabic حتى hatta (same meaning).
      18. hataca
      19. hazaña
      20. he: Adverb used in a number of ways: (1) "he aquí/ahí/allí": Here it is/there it is. (2) Used in conjunction with pronouns me/te/le/la/lo/las/los to point something out. e.g., Te lo he dicho, meaning I have told you (it). From Arabic haa.
      21. hégira
      22. hobacho/hobacha
      23. holgazán
      24. holgar
      25. hoque
      26. horro/horra
      27. imam
      28. imela
      29. islam

      J, K

      1. jabalí : Wild Boar. From Arabic jebeli, of the mountains. Perhaps originally from Khanzeer Jebelí: Mountain Pig.
      2. jabalón
      3. jabeca
      4. jabeque
      5. jabí : A type of apple and type of grape. From Andalusi Arabic sha‘bí, a type of apple.
      6. jácara
      7. jácena
      8. jacerino
      9. jadraque
      10. jaez
      11. jaguarzo
      12. jaharí
      13. jaharral
      14. jaharrar
      15. jaima
      16. jaique
      17. jalear
      18. jalma (or enjalma)
      19. jaloque
      20. jametería
      21. jámila
      22. japuta
      23. jaque
      24. jaqueca: Migraine. From Arabic Shaqiqa, with same meaning.
      25. jáquima
      26. jara
      27. jarabe
      28. jaraíz
      29. jarcha
      30. jareta
      31. jaricar
      32. jarifo/jarifa
      33. jarquía
      34. jarra: Pitcher or other pot with handle(s). From ǧarrah, same as English jar.
      35. jatib
      36. jazarino/jazarina
      37. jazmín
      38. jebe
      39. jeliz
      40. jemesía
      41. jeque
      42. jerife: sheriff. From shereef of the same meaning.
      43. jeta
      44. jifa
      45. jinete
      46. jirafa: giraffe. From ziraffa (زرافة) of the same meaning.
      47. jirel
      48. jofaina: a wide, shallow basin for domestic use. From ǧufaynah.
      49. jofor
      50. jorfe
      51. joroba
      52. jorro
      53. juba/aljuba/jubón
      54. jurdía
      55. kermes

      L

      1. laca: resinous substance tapped from the lacquer tree. From Arabic lak, taken from Persian lak, ultimately from Sanskrit laksha literally meaning "one hundred thousand" referring to the large number of insects that gather and sap out all the resin from the trees.
      2. lacre
      3. lapislázuli: lapis lazuli, a deep blue mineral. From Arabic lazaward from Persian lagvard or lazward, ultimately from Sanskrit rajavarta literally meaning "ringlet of the king."
      4. latón: brass. From Arabic latun from Turkish altin "gold."
      5. laúd: lute. From Arabic al 'ud (اعواد) "the lute."
      6. lebeche: Southeasterly wind on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. From Andalusi Arabic Labash.
      7. lebení: a Moorish beverage prepared from soured milk. From Arabic labani "dairy."
      8. leila: from Arabic layla "night."
      9. lelilí: Shouts and noise made by Moors when going into combat or when celebrating parties. From لا إله إلا الله lā ilāhā illā-llāhu: there is no god but God; Ya leilí: O-Night; ya 'ayouni: O my eyes.
      10. lima: lime. From Arabic limah of the same meaning.
      11. limón: lemon. From laymoon (ليمون), derived from the Chinese word limung.
      12. loco: crazy. From Arabic lawqa "fool."

      M

      1. macabro
      2. macsura
      3. madraza
      4. magacén
      5. magarza/magarzuela
      6. maglaca
      7. maharon/maharona
      8. maharrana/marrana/marrano
      9. mahozmedín
      10. maimón
      11. majareta
      12. majzén
      13. mamarracho
      14. mameluco
      15. mamola
      16. mandeísmo
      17. mandil
      18. maquila
      19. marabú
      20. maravedí
      21. marcasita
      22. marchamo
      23. márfega
      24. marfil
      25. marfuz/a
      26. margomar
      27. marjal
      28. marlota
      29. marojo
      30. maroma
      31. marras
      32. márraga
      33. marroquí: (adj) Moroccan. From Morrocan Arabic Marrakush: Marrakesh.
      34. masamuda: (adj) Individual from the Berber Masmuda tribe, from which originate the Almohades, a movement which ruled Spain and North Africa in the XII century. From Arabic: Masamuda.
      35. matafalúa
      36. mártaga
      37. máscara
      38. matarife
      39. matraca
      40. matula
      41. mauraca
      42. mazapán
      43. mazarí
      44. mazarrón
      45. mazmodina
      46. mazmorra
      47. mazorca: corn cob; roll of wool or cotton. From Andalusi Arabic: Masurqa, derived from Classical Arabic Masura: a tube used as a bobbin (sewing).
      48. meca: Place which is attractive because of a particular activity. From Arabic Mekkah.
      49. mechinal
      50. mejala
      51. mejunje
      52. mengano/mengana
      53. mequetrefe
      54. mercal
      55. metical
      56. mezquino
      57. mía: A military term, formerly designating a regular native unit composed of 100 men in the Spanish protectorate of northern Morocco; by analogy, any colonial army. From Arabic Mi'ah: one hundred.
      58. mihrab:
      59. miramamolín
      60. moaxaja
      61. mogataz
      62. mogate
      63. moharra
      64. moharracho
      65. mohatra
      66. mohedal
      67. mohino
      68. mojí
      69. momia
      70. mona
      71. monfí
      72. morabito
      73. moraga
      74. morapio
      75. mozárabe
      76. mudéjar
      77. muftí
      78. mujalata
      79. mulquía
      80. muslim/muslime: (Adjective) Muslim. From Arabic Muslim.

      N, O, P, Q

      1. nabí
      2. nacar
      3. nácara
      4. nadir: the point on the celestial sphere, opposite the zenith directly below the observer. From nadheer.
      5. nádir
      6. nagüela
      7. naife
      8. naipe
      9. naranja: orange (fruit), from نارنج
      10. narguile
      11. natrón
      12. nazarí
      13. nenúfar
      14. nesga
      15. noria
      16. nuca
      17. ojalá: I hope; I wish. From law šaʾ allāh (وشاء الله), "God willing."
      18. ¡olé!: The most famous expression of approval, support or encouragement, comes from wa-Allah والله , by Allah!
      19. omeya: adj. Related to the Ummayyad.
      20. oque
      21. orozuz
      22. ox
      23. quermes
      24. quilate/quirate
      25. quilma
      26. quina
      27. quintal

      R

      1. rabadán
      2. rabal
      3. rabazuz
      4. rabel
      5. rábida
      6. rafal
      7. rafe
      8. ragua
      9. rahez
      10. ramadán
      11. rambla
      12. rauda
      13. rauta
      14. real: Military encampment; plot where a fair is organized; (in Murcia region) small plot or garden. From Arabic rahl: camping.
      15. rebato
      16. rebite
      17. recamar
      18. recua
      19. redoma
      20. rehala
      21. rehalí
      22. rehén
      23. rejalgar: realgar. From reheg al-ghar (رهج الغار): "powder of the cave"
      24. requive
      25. resma
      26. retama
      27. rincón: from ركن
      28. robda
      29. robo (or arroba)
      30. romí/rumí
      31. ronzal
      32. roque

      S

      Word Arabic root Description
      Saharaui
      sajelar
      salema
      sandía
      sarraceno
      sebestén
      secácul
      serafín
      siroco
      sofí
      sófora
      soldán
      soltaní
      sufí
      sura

      T

      1. tabal (or atabal)
      2. tabaque
      3. tabefe
      4. tabica
      5. tabique
      6. taca
      7. tafurea
      8. tagarino/tagarina
      9. tagarnina
      10. taha
      11. tahalí
      12. tahona
      13. Taifa
      14. tajea
      15. talco
      16. talega
      17. talvina
      18. támara
      19. tamarindo
      20. tambor
      21. tara
      22. taracea
      23. taraje
      24. tarasí
      25. tarbea
      26. tarea
      27. tareco
      28. tarida
      29. tarifa
      30. tarima
      31. tarquín
      32. tarraya
      33. taza: cup. From tasa.
      34. tértil
      35. tíbar
      36. tochibí
      37. tomín
      38. toronja
      39. toronjil
      40. trafalmejas
      41. truchimán/na
      42. trujamán/na
      43. tuera
      44. tumbaga
      45. Tunecí
      46. turbit
      47. turquí (in [[azul turquí)])
      48. tutía (or atutía)

      V,X,Y

      1. vacarí: from Arabic بقري baqari "bovine."
      2. velmez: from Arabic ملابس malbas "clothing."
      3. visir: vizier. From Arabic وزير wazir "minister."

      Z

      1. zabalmedina: in the Middle Ages, judge with civil and criminal jurisdiction in a city. From Arabic Sahib al Medina "Chief of the City."
      2. zabarcera: woman who sells fruit and other food. Same origin as abacero
      3. zabazala: imam who leads Islamic prayer. From Arabic SaHb aS-Salah "Leader of prayer."
      4. zabazoque: same meaning as almotacén. From Arabic SáHb as-súq "Leader of the Market."
      5. zábila: aloe vera (used mainly in Latin America) From Andalusi Arabic sabíra, originally from Classical Arabic Sibar.
      6. zabra: type of vessel used in the Bay of Biscay in the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Age. From Arabic zauraq.
      7. zacatín: in some villages, a square where clothes are sold. From saqqatin, plural of saqqat: seller of clothes.
      8. zafar: a number of meanings in Spain and Latin American countries: To free, to untie, to ignore, to unknit among others. From Arabic azaHa: to take away.
      9. zafarí: Granada zafarí: a type of pomegranate. Higo zafarí: a type of fig. From Arabic Safr.
      10. zafariche:
      11. zafio
      12. zafrán
      13. zaga
      14. zagal: boy. From Andalusian Arabic zaḡál, traditional Arabic zuḡlūl. Same meaning.
      15. zagaya (or azagaya)
      16. zagua
      17. zaguán: hall. From Andalusian Arabic istawán, traditional Arabic usṭuwān(ah).
      18. zagüía
      19. zaharrón
      20. zahén
      21. zahón
      22. zahora
      23. zahorí
      24. zaida
      25. zaino
      26. zala
      27. zalamelé
      28. zalea/zalear
      29. zalema/zalama
      30. zalmedina: Same meaning and origin as zabalmedina.
      31. zalona
      32. zamacuco
      33. zambra
      34. zanahoria: carrot, presumably from Andalusi Arabic. The only Arabic dialect with a cognate form is Tunisian with sfinaria.
      35. zaque
      36. zaquizamí
      37. zaragüelles
      38. zaranda/zarandillo
      39. zaratán
      40. zarco
      41. zarracatín
      42. zarzahán
      43. zatara
      44. zéjel
      45. zoco (or azogue): market. From Arabic souk of the same meaning.
      46. zofra
      47. zorzal: field fare.
      48. zubia
      49. zulaque
      50. zulla
      51. zumaque: sumac. From Arabic simaq of the same meaning.
      52. zumo: fruit juice
      53. zuna
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      Toponyms (place names) in Iberia of Arabic origin

      There are hundreds if not thousands of place names derived from Arabic in the Iberian peninsula including provinces and regions, cities, towns, villages and even neighborhoods and streets. They also include geographical features such as mountains, mountain ranges, valleys and rivers. Toponyms derived from Arabic are common in all of Spain (including much of the North of the country) except for those regions which never came under Muslim rule or where it was particularly short-lived. These regions include Galicia and the Northern coast (Asturias, Cantabrian and the Basque country) as well as most of Catalonia. Regions where place names of Arabic origin are particularly common are the Eastern Coast and the region of Andalusia. In Portugal, the frequency of Arabic toponyms increases as one travels south in the country.

      Those toponyms which maintained their pre-Islamic name during the Muslim period were generally Arabized and the mark of the old Arabic pronunciation is noticeable in their modern names: e.g. Cesarea Augusta — سرقسطة Saraqusţah — Zaragoza.

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      Toponyms (place names) in Iberia of Arabic origin

      There are hundreds if not thousands of place names derived from Arabic in the Iberian peninsula including provinces and regions, cities, towns, villages and even neighborhoods and streets. They also include geographical features such as mountains, mountain ranges, valleys and rivers. Toponyms derived from Arabic are common in all of Spain (including much of the North of the country) except for those regions which never came under Muslim rule or where it was particularly short-lived. These regions include Galicia and the Northern coast (Asturias, Cantabrian and the Basque country) as well as most of Catalonia. Regions where place names of Arabic origin are particularly common are the Eastern Coast and the region of Andalusia. In Portugal, the frequency of Arabic toponyms increases as one travels south in the country.

      Those toponyms which maintained their pre-Islamic name during the Muslim period were generally Arabized and the mark of the old Arabic pronunciation is noticeable in their modern names: e.g. Cesarea Augusta — سرقسطة Saraqusţah — Zaragoza.

      Major towns, cities and regions

      • Axarquía Eastern region of Malaga province, From Arabic Ash-sharquía: The eastern/oriental (region).
      • Andalucía Most populated and 2nd largest autonomous community in Spain. Derived from الأندلس, Al Andalus, the Arabic name for Muslim Iberia.
      • Albacete city and province of Castilla la Mancha. Derived from Arabic Al Basit (the plain).
      • Algarve Region of southern Portugal. From Arabic al gharb, the west.
      • Algeciras City and port in Cadiz province. Derived from Al Jazeera Al Khadra meaning the green island.
      • Almería City and province of Andalucía. From Al Meraya, the watchtower.
      • Alpujarras (originally Alpuxarras) Region extending South of Granada into Almería. From Arabic Al-Busherat: The grasslands.
      • Badajoz City and province of Extremadura. Badajoz was called Pax Augusta by the Romans and most likely the current name is derived from an Arabic corruption of the original Latin name.
      • Calatayud City of Aragón. Derived from Qal'at Ayyūb (Arabic قلعة أيوب) meaning "Castle of Ayyub".
      • Guadalajara City and province of Castilla la Mancha. From Wādī al-Jārah (Arabic وادي الحجارة), Wadi or canyon of Stones.
      • Gibraltar British Colony in Southern Spain. From Jabal Ţāriq (جبل طارق), Mountain of Tariq, (Tariq ibn Ziyad).
      • Jaén City and province of Andalucía From Arabic Jayyan, crossroads of caravans.
      • Lisboa (Lisbon). Capital of Portugal. Derived from original Arabic name: al-'Ishbūnah in Arabic الأشبونة
      • Madrid Capital of Spain. Derived from original Arabic name: al-MagrīT, المجريط: "Source of water".
      • La Mancha Wide arid steppes covering much of Toledo, Ciudad Real, Cuenca and Albacete provinces. Derived from original Arabic name: la'a Ma-anxa : "No water".
      • Medina Sidonia: Town and municipality in Cadiz province.
      • Tarifa town in southern Spain. Originally Jazeera Tarif: the island of Tarif. Derived form the first name of the Berber conqueror Tarif ibn Malik.
      • La Sagra, an arid region between Toledo and Madrid. Name derived from Arabic Sahra صحراء "desert".
      • Sevilla, city and province in Andalusia. From Arabic Ishbillia, deformation of Latin Hispalis.

      Geographical features

      • Guadiana river. Meaning "Anna river".
      • Guadalquivir river. Derived from Arabic: al-wādĩ al-kabir الوادي الكبير, "the big river".
      • Mulhacén. Highest mountain in peninsular Spain. Named after 15th century Arabian Sultan of Granada Ali Muley Hacén Abu al-Hasan.
      • Pico Almanzor. Mountain in the Sierra de Gredos of Central Spain. Named after "Almanzor" Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, de-facto ruler of Al Andalus in late 10th – early 11th centuries.

      Geographical features

      • Guadiana river. Meaning "Anna river".
      • Guadalquivir river. Derived from Arabic: al-wādĩ al-kabir الوادي الكبير, "the big river".
      • Mulhacén. Highest mountain in peninsular Spain. Named after 15th century Arabian Sultan of Granada Ali Muley Hacén Abu al-Hasan.
      • Pico Almanzor. Mountain in the Sierra de Gredos of Central Spain. Named after "Almanzor" Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, de-facto ruler of Al Andalus in late 10th – early 11th centuries.
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      Suggestions for further research

      In the English language, search the online catalogs of United States university libraries using the Library of Congress (LC) subject heading, "Spanish language foreign elements".

      When searching Spanish language Web sites, use the subject term, "arabismos".

      Selected reference works and other academic literature

      These works have not necessarily been consulted in the preparation of this article.

      • Cabo Pan, José Luis. El legado del árabe. Mosaico 8:7–10. Revista para la Promoción y Apoyo a la Enseñanza del Español. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia del Reino de España, Consejería de Educación y Ciencia en Bélgica, Países Bajos y Luxemburgo. [Article with convenient, short word lists, grouped by theme. In PDF. Refer to Mosaico's portal page. ]
      • Corriente, Federico. 2003. Diccionario de arabismos y voces afines en iberorromance. (2nd expanded ed.; 1st ed. 1999) Madrid: Gredos. 607 p.
      • Maíllo Salgado, Felipe. 1991/1998. Los arabismos del castellano en la Baja Edad Media : consideraciones históricas y filológicas. Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca. 554 p. [2nd ed., corrected and enlarged; 1st ed. 1983]
      • Ibid. 1996. Vocabulario de historia árabe e islámica. Madrid: Akal. 330 p.
      • Pezzi, Elena. 1995. Arabismos: estudios etimológicos. Almería: Universidad de Almería. 160 p.
      • Sola-Solé, Josep María. 1983. Sobre árabes, judíos y marranos y su impacto en la lengua y literatura españolas. Barcelona: Puvill. 279 p.
      • Toro Lillo, Elena. La invasión árabe. Los árabes y el elemento árabe en español. In the Cervantes Virtual Library. Includes a brief list of historical sound changes. Useful bibliography.

      Selected resource pages of universities and research institutes

      • Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo. Search results consisting of Institute publications whose entries contain the word "arabismos" [1]
      • Universidad de Granada. Holdings under the subject "arabismos" [2]
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      Last modified on 6 July 2011, at 13:38