Appendix:Indonesian Swadesh list
This is an Swadesh list of words in English and Indonesian.
Presentation
At the end of the 1940s, new insights of radiocarbon dating became known to the public. Linguist Morris Swadesh believed that words decayed with age in a roughly similar way and therefore applied similar methods to determine the relationship of languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
- For further information, including the full final version, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
List
| No. | English | Indonesian Bahasa Indonesia |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | saya, aku |
| 2 | you (singular) | kamu, engkau |
| 3 | he | dia |
| 4 | we | kami (exclusive), kita (inclusive) |
| 5 | you (plural) | kalian |
| 6 | they | mereka |
| 7 | this | ini |
| 8 | that | itu |
| 9 | here | di sini |
| 10 | there | di sana, situ |
| 11 | who | siapa |
| 12 | what | apa |
| 13 | where | di mana |
| 14 | when | kapan |
| 15 | how | bagaimana |
| 16 | not | bukan, tidak |
| 17 | all | semua |
| 18 | many | banyak |
| 19 | some | beberapa |
| 20 | few | sedikit |
| 21 | other | lain |
| 22 | one | satu |
| 23 | two | dua |
| 24 | three | tiga |
| 25 | four | empat |
| 26 | five | lima |
| 27 | big | besar |
| 28 | long | panjang |
| 29 | wide | lebar |
| 30 | thick | tebal |
| 31 | heavy | berat |
| 32 | small | kecil |
| 33 | short | pendek |
| 34 | narrow | sempit |
| 35 | thin | tipis |
| 36 | woman | perempuan, wanita |
| 37 | man (adult male) | lelaki (laki-laki), pria |
| 38 | man (human being) | manusia |
| 39 | child | anak |
| 40 | wife | istri |
| 41 | husband | suami |
| 42 | mother | ibu |
| 43 | father | ayah |
| 44 | animal | binatang |
| 45 | fish | ikan |
| 46 | bird | burung |
| 47 | dog | anjing |
| 48 | louse | kutu |
| 49 | snake | ular |
| 50 | worm | cacing |
| 51 | tree | pohon |
| 52 | forest | hutan |
| 53 | stick | ranting |
| 54 | fruit | buah |
| 55 | seed | biji |
| 56 | leaf | daun |
| 57 | root | akar |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | kulit kayu |
| 59 | flower | bunga |
| 60 | grass | rumput |
| 61 | rope | tali |
| 62 | skin | kulit |
| 63 | meat | daging |
| 64 | blood | darah |
| 65 | bone | tulang |
| 66 | fat (noun) | lemak |
| 67 | egg | telur |
| 68 | horn | tanduk |
| 69 | tail | ekor |
| 70 | feather | bulu |
| 71 | hair | rambut |
| 72 | head | kepala |
| 73 | ear | telinga |
| 74 | eye | mata |
| 75 | nose | hidung |
| 76 | mouth | mulut |
| 77 | tooth | gigi |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | lidah |
| 79 | fingernail | kuku |
| 80 | foot | kaki |
| 81 | leg | telapak kaki |
| 82 | knee | lutut |
| 83 | hand | tangan |
| 84 | wing | sayap |
| 85 | belly | perut |
| 86 | guts | usus |
| 87 | neck | leher |
| 88 | back | punggung |
| 89 | breast | payudara |
| 90 | heart | jantung |
| 91 | liver | hati |
| 92 | to drink | minum (meminum) |
| 93 | to eat | makan (memakan) |
| 94 | to bite | gigit (menggigit) |
| 95 | to suck | hisap (menghisap) |
| 96 | to spit | ludah (meludah) |
| 97 | to vomit | muntah |
| 98 | to blow | tiup (meniup) |
| 99 | to breathe | nafas (bernafas) |
| 100 | to laugh | tawa (tertawa) |
| 101 | to see | lihat (melihat) |
| 102 | to hear | dengar (mendengar) |
| 103 | to know | tahu (mengetahui) |
| 104 | to think | pikir (berpikir) |
| 105 | to smell | cium (mencium) |
| 106 | to fear | takut |
| 107 | to sleep | tidur |
| 108 | to live | hidup |
| 109 | to die | mati |
| 110 | to kill | bunuh (membunuh) |
| 111 | to fight | kelahi (berkelahi) |
| 112 | to hunt | buru (berburu) |
| 113 | to hit | pukul (memukul) |
| 114 | to cut | potong (memotong) |
| 115 | to split | belah (membelah) |
| 116 | to stab | tusuk (menusuk) |
| 117 | to scratch | coret (mencoret) |
| 118 | to dig | gali (menggali) |
| 119 | to swim | renang (berenang) |
| 120 | to fly | terbang |
| 121 | to walk | jalan (berjalan) |
| 122 | to come | datang |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | baring (berbaring) |
| 124 | to sit | duduk (action, state) |
| 125 | to stand | diri (berdiri) (action, state) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | belok (berbelok) |
| 127 | to fall | jatuh |
| 128 | to give | beri (memberi) |
| 129 | to hold | pegang (memegang) |
| 130 | to squeeze | peras (memeras) |
| 131 | to rub | gosok (menggosok) |
| 132 | to wash | cuci (mencuci) |
| 133 | to wipe | hapus (menghapus) |
| 134 | to pull | tarik (menarik) |
| 135 | to push | dorong (mendorong) |
| 136 | to throw | lempar (melempar) |
| 137 | to tie | ikat (mengikat) |
| 138 | to sew | jahit (menjahit) |
| 139 | to count | hitung (menghitung) |
| 140 | to say | kata (berkata) |
| 141 | to sing | nyanyi (bernyanyi) |
| 142 | to play | main (bermain) |
| 143 | to float | apung (mengapung) |
| 144 | to flow | alir (mengalir) |
| 145 | to freeze | beku (membeku) |
| 146 | to swell | bengkak (membengkak) |
| 147 | sun | matahari |
| 148 | moon | bulan |
| 149 | star | bintang |
| 150 | water | air |
| 151 | rain | hujan |
| 152 | river | sungai |
| 153 | lake | danau |
| 154 | sea | laut |
| 155 | salt | garam |
| 156 | stone | batu |
| 157 | sand | pasir |
| 158 | dust | debu |
| 159 | earth | bumi |
| 160 | cloud | awan |
| 161 | fog | kabut |
| 162 | sky | langit |
| 163 | wind | angin |
| 164 | snow | salju |
| 165 | ice | es |
| 166 | smoke | asap |
| 167 | fire | api |
| 168 | ash | abu |
| 169 | to burn | bakar |
| 170 | road | jalan |
| 171 | mountain | gunung |
| 172 | red | merah |
| 173 | green | hijau |
| 174 | yellow | kuning |
| 175 | white | putih |
| 176 | black | hitam |
| 177 | night | malam |
| 178 | day | hari |
| 179 | year | tahun |
| 180 | warm | hangat |
| 181 | cold | dingin |
| 182 | full | penuh |
| 183 | new | baru |
| 184 | old | lama, tua |
| 185 | good | baik |
| 186 | bad | buruk |
| 187 | rotten | busuk |
| 188 | dirty | kotor |
| 189 | straight | lurus |
| 190 | round | bulat |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | tajam |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | tumpul |
| 193 | smooth | licin |
| 194 | wet | basah |
| 195 | dry | kering |
| 196 | correct | betul |
| 197 | near | dekat |
| 198 | far | jauh |
| 199 | right | kanan |
| 200 | left | kiri |
| 201 | at | di |
| 202 | in | dalam |
| 203 | with | dengan |
| 204 | and | dan |
| 205 | if | kalau |
| 206 | because | karena |
| 207 | name | nama |
- Orthography :
When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, gender and number agreement, declensions), the orthography is the following :
-
- verbs : infinitive
- other words : neutral or masculine, singular, nominative (subject)
For specific cases (no infinitive, feminine name, plural name for instance), the simplest form is used.
Bibliography
- Tuttle's Concise Indonesian Dictionary, Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo 1993 - ISBN 0-8048-1864-9
- Colloquial Indonesian (Sutanto Atmosumarto), Routledge, New York 1994 - ISBN 0-415-09199-3
- Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - ISBN 2-221-05947-6