Appendix:Irish Swadesh list

This is an Swadesh list of words in English and Irish.

Presentation

At the end of the 1940s, new insights of radiocarbon dating became known to the public. Linguist Morris Swadesh believed that words decayed with age in a roughly similar way and therefore applied similar methods to determine the relationship of languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

For further information, including the full final version, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.


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List

No. English Irish
Gaeilge		 IPA
pronunciation
Munster Connacht Ulster
1 I mé mʲeː[1]
2 you (singular) tú t̪ˠuː[1]
3 he sé ʃeː[1]
4 we sinn ʃɪn̠ʲ[1]
5 you (plural) sibh ʃɪbʲ[1]
6 they siad ʃiəd̪ˠ, ʃeːd̪ˠ[1]
7 this seo ʃɔ[1]
8 that sin, siúd ʃɪn, ʃuːd̪ˠ[1]
9 here anseo ən̪ˠˈʃɔ[1]
10 there ansin, ansiúd ən̪ˠˈʃɪn[1]
11 who cé (interrogative) ceː[1]
12 what cad, céard (interrogative) kɑd̪ˠ, ceːɾˠd̪ˠ[1]
13 where cá (no movement, interrogative) kɑː[1]
14 when cathain (interrogative)
15 how conas, cén chaoi (interrogative) ˈceːn̪ˠəsˠ[1]
16 not ní n̠ʲiː[1]
17 all uile ˈɪlə[1]
18 many a lán
19 some roinnt
20 few beagán ˈbʲɞɡɑːnˠ[1]
21 other eile ˈɛlə[1]
22 one aon eːn[1]
23 two dó d̪ˠoː[1]
24 three trí tʲɾʲiː[1]
25 four ceathair ˈcahəɾʲ[1]
26 five cúig kuːɟ[1]
27 big mór mˠoːɾˠ[1]
28 long fada ˈfɑd̪ˠə[1]
29 wide leathan ˈlʲahən[1]
30 thick tiubh tʲʊ[1]
31 heavy trom t̪ˠɾˠuːmˠ[1]
32 small beag bʲɞɡ[1]
33 short gearr ɟaːɾˠ[1]
34 narrow cúng kuːŋ[1]
35 thin tanaí ˈt̪ˠɑniː[1]
36 woman bean bʲæn[1]
37 man (male) fear fʲaɾˠ[1]
38 man (human) duine ˈd̪ˠɪnə[1]
39 child leanbh, páiste ˈl̠ʲanəvˠ, ˈpˠɑːʃtʲə[1]
40 wife bean chéile ˈbʲæn ˈçeːlə[1]
41 husband fear céile ˈfʲæɾˠ ˈceːlə[1]
42 mother máthair ˈmˠɑːhəɾʲ[1]
43 father athair ˈæhəɾʲ[1]
44 animal ainmhí
45 fish iasc iəsˠk[1]
46 bird éan eːn[1]
47 dog madra ˈmˠɑd̪ˠɾˠə[1]
48 louse míol cnis
49 snake nathair ˈn̪ˠæhəɾʲ[1]
50 worm péist pʲeːʃtʲ[1]
51 tree crann kɾˠɑːn̪ˠ[1]
52 forest coill kɑil̠ʲ, kɞl̠ʲ[1]
53 stick bata ˈbˠɑt̪ˠə[1]
54 fruit toradh ˈt̪ˠɔɾˠə[1]
55 seed síol ʃiːl[1]
56 leaf duilleog ˈdʲɪloːɡ[1]
57 root fréamh fʲɾʲeːvˠ[1]
58 bark (of a tree) rúsc
59 flower bláth bˠlɑː[1]
60 grass féar fʲeːɾˠ[1]
61 rope téad tʲeːd̪ˠ[1]
62 skin craiceann ˈkɾʲɛcən̪ˠ[1]
63 meat feoil fʲoːl[1]
64 blood fuil fˠɪl[1]
65 bone cnámh knɑːvʲ[1]
66 fat (noun) saill sˠail̠ʲ[1]
67 egg ubh ɔvˠ[1]
68 horn adharc ˈaiəɾˠk[1]
69 tail eireaball ˈɾˠɨbəl̪ˠ[1]
70 feather cleite ˈclɛtʲə[1]
71 hair gruaig ɡɾˠuəɡ[1]
72 head ceann caːn̪ˠ[1]
73 ear cluas kluəʃ, kluəsˠ[1]
74 eye súil sˠuːl[1]
75 nose srón sˠɾˠoːn, sˠɾˠuːn[1]
76 mouth béal bʲeːl[1]
77 tooth fiacail ˈfʲiəkəl[1]
78 tongue teanga ˈtʲaŋə, ˈtʲaŋɡə[1]
79 fingernail ionga ˈɔŋə[1]
80 foot cos kɔʃ, kɞʃ, kɔsˠ[1]
81 leg cos kɔʃ, kɞʃ, kɔsˠ[1]
82 knee glúin ɡluːn[1]
83 hand lámh l̪ˠɑːvˠ[1]
84 wing sciathán ˈʃcɪhɑːn[1]
85 belly bolg ˈbɔlək[1]
86 guts inní
87 neck muineál ˈmˠɪnɑːl[1]
88 back droim d̪ˠɾˠiːmʲ[1]
89 breast cíoch ciːx[1]
90 heart croí kɾˠiː[1]
91 liver ae
92 to drink ól oːl[1]
93 to eat ith iː[1]
94 to bite bain greim as bˠan ɟɾʲiːmʲ asˠ[1]
95 to suck súigh
96 to spit caith seile
97 to vomit aisig
98 to blow séid ʃeːdʲ[1]
99 to breathe análaigh
100 to laugh déan gáire dʲiːn ˈɡɑːɾʲə[1]
101 to see feic
102 to hear cluin, clois klɨn, klɨʃ[1]
103 to know a fhios a bheith agat
104 to think smaoinigh
105 to smell bolaigh
106 to fear eagla
107 to sleep codail
108 to live mair
109 to die faigh bás
110 to kill maraigh
111 to fight troid
112 to hunt seilg
113 to hit buail
114 to cut gearr
115 to split scoilt
116 to stab rop
117 to scratch tochais
118 to dig tochail
119 to swim snámh
120 to fly eitil
121 to walk siúil
122 to come tar
123 to lie (as in a bed) luigh (state)
124 to sit suigh (state)
125 to stand seas (state)
126 to turn (intransitive) cas
127 to fall tit
128 to give tabhair
129 to hold coinnigh
130 to squeeze fáisc
131 to rub cuimil
132 to wash nigh
133 to wipe cuimil
134 to pull tarraing
135 to push brúigh
136 to throw caith
137 to tie ceangail
138 to sew fuaigh
139 to count áirigh
140 to say abair
141 to sing can
142 to play imir
143 to float snámh
144 to flow sruthaigh
145 to freeze reoigh
146 to swell at
147 sun grian
148 moon gealach
149 star réalt
150 water uisce
151 rain báisteach
152 river abhainn
153 lake loch
154 sea muir, farraige
155 salt salann
156 stone cloch
157 sand gaineamh
158 dust deannach
159 earth cré
160 cloud scamall, néal
161 fog ceo
162 sky spéir
163 wind gaoth
164 snow sneachta
165 ice oighear
166 smoke deatach
167 fire tine
168 ash luaith
169 to burn dóigh
170 road bóthar
171 mountain sliabh
172 red rua, dearg
173 green glas, uaine
174 yellow buí
175 white bán
176 black dubh
177 night oíche
178 day lá
179 year bliain
180 warm te
181 cold fuar
182 full lán
183 new nua
184 old sean
185 good maith
186 bad olc, droch
187 rotten lofa
188 dirty salach
189 straight díreach
190 round cruinn
191 sharp (as a knife) géar
192 dull (as a knife) maol
193 smooth mín
194 wet fliuch
195 dry tirim
196 correct ceart
197 near gar, dlúth
198 far i bhfad
199 right deis
200 left clé
201 at ag
202 in i
203 with le
204 and agus
205 if má
206 because mar
207 name ainm
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References

  1. ↑ 1.001.011.021.031.041.051.061.071.081.091.101.111.121.131.141.151.161.171.181.191.201.211.221.231.241.251.261.271.281.291.301.311.321.331.341.351.361.371.381.391.401.411.421.431.441.451.461.471.481.491.501.511.521.531.541.551.561.571.581.591.601.611.621.631.641.651.661.671.681.691.701.711.721.731.741.751.761.771.781.791.801.811.821.831.841.851.861.871.88 Franz Nikolaus Finck, Die araner mundart
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Bibliography

  • Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - ISBN 2-221-05947-6
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External links

Swadesh lists
Individual languages

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Language families and family branches

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The list may also include: (t) the transcription in Latin characters; (p) the phonetic transcription
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Last modified on 27 March 2013, at 16:49