Old Irish class B II verbs (Strachan's A3, McCone's S2) are derived from Proto-Celtic verbs ending in *-yeti, which are derived from Proto-Indo-European verbs ending in *-yeti or *-yéti and correspond to the Latin third conjugation i-stems (e.g. speciō) and Sanskrit class 4 verbs (e.g. पश्यति (paśyati)). The final consonant of the stem is palatalized throughout, meaning that any consonant-initial endings also start with a palatalized consonant.
The endings of the class are the same as for class A II, except for the third-person singular conjunct nondeponent, which ends in the stem-final consonant, not in -i as in the weak conjugation.
See Category:Old Irish class B II present verbs for a list of verbs belonging to this class.
Nondeponent endings
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A sample verb for this class is gaibid (“to hold, take”). The endings are as follows:
Present indicative
|
|
1st sg.
|
2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| Absolute
|
gaibiu / gaibim
|
gaibi
|
gaibid
|
gaibmi
|
gaibthe
|
gaibit
|
gaibthir
|
gaibtir
|
| Conjunct
|
·gaibiu / ·gaibim
|
·gaibi
|
·gaib
|
·gaibem
|
·gaibid
|
·gaibet
|
·gaibther
|
·gaibter
|
| Relative
|
|
|
gaibes
|
gaibme |
|
gaibte
|
gaibther
|
gaibter
|
Imperfect indicative
| 1st sg.
|
2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| ·gaibinn
|
·gaibthea
|
·gaibed
|
·gaibmis
|
·gaibthe
|
·gaibtis
|
·gaibthe
|
·gaibtis
|
Imperative
| 2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| gaib
|
gaibed
|
gaibem
|
gaibid
|
gaibet
|
gaibther
|
gaibter
|
See Appendix:Old Irish delenition for the change of ending-initial ⟨th⟩ to ⟨t⟩ after certain consonants. An example of a verb with widespread delenition is guidid (“to pray”):
Present indicative
|
|
1st sg.
|
2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| Absolute
|
guidiu / guidim
|
guidi
|
guidid
|
guidmi
|
guidte [ˈɡutʲe]
|
guidit
|
guitir [ˈɡutʲirʲ]
|
guitir [ˈɡudʲirʲ]
|
| Conjunct
|
·guidiu / ·guidim
|
·guidi
|
·guid
|
·guidem
|
·guidid
|
·guidet
|
·guiter [ˈɡutʲer]
|
·guiter [ˈɡudʲer]
|
| Relative
|
|
|
guides
|
guidme |
|
guite [ˈɡudʲe]
|
guiter [ˈɡutʲer]
|
guiter [ˈɡudʲer]
|
Imperfect indicative
| 1st sg.
|
2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| ·guidinn
|
·guitea [ˈɡutʲa]
|
·guided
|
·guidmis
|
·guite [ˈɡutʲe]
|
·guitis [ˈɡudʲisʲ]
|
·guite [ˈɡutʲe]
|
·guitis [ˈɡudʲisʲ]
|
Imperative
| 2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| guid
|
guided
|
guidem
|
guidid
|
guidet
|
guiter [ˈɡutʲer]
|
guiter [ˈɡudʲer]
|
Depalatalization can be found in the prototonic forms of complex verbs, where syncope brings a nonpalatalized consonant into contact with a palatalized consonant, causing the entire cluster to be nonpalatalized. An example is the prototonic forms of fo·daim (“to endure, allow”):
Present indicative
| 1st sg.
|
2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| ·fodmu / ·fodmaim
|
·fodmai
|
·fodaim
|
·fodmam
|
·fodmaid
|
·fodmat
|
·fodaimther/·fodmathar
|
·fodaimter/·fodmatar
|
Imperfect indicative
| 1st sg.
|
2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| ·fodmainn
|
·fodmatha
|
·fodmad
|
·fodmaimis
|
·fodaimthe/·fodmaithe
|
·fodaimtis/·fodmaitis
|
·fodaimthe/·fodmaithe
|
·fodaimtis/·fodmaitis
|
Imperative
| 2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| fodm
|
fodmad
|
fodmam
|
fodmaid
|
fodmat
|
fodaimther/·fodmathar
|
fodaimter/·fodmatar
|
Deponent endings
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A sample verb for this class is midithir (“to judge”). As with class A II, the deponent verbs of this class take a linking vowel between the stem and many of the endings. The endings are as follows:
Present indicative
|
|
1st sg.
|
2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| Absolute
|
midiur
|
mitter
|
midithir
|
midimmir
|
mitte
|
miditir
|
mittir
|
miditir
|
| Conjunct
|
·midiur
|
·mitter
|
·midethar
|
·midemmar
|
·midid
|
·midetar
|
·mitter
|
·midetar
|
| Relative
|
|
|
midethar
|
midemmar |
|
midetar
|
mitter
|
midetar
|
Imperfect indicative
| 1st sg.
|
2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| ·midinn
|
·mittea
|
·mided
|
·midimmis
|
·mitte
|
·miditis
|
·mitte
|
·miditis
|
Imperative
| 2nd sg.
|
3rd sg.
|
1st pl.
|
2nd pl.
|
3rd pl.
|
Passive singular
|
Passive plural
|
| mitte
|
mided
|
midem
|
midid
|
midetar
|
mitter
|
midetar
|
Further reading
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- McCone, Kim (1997) The Early Irish Verb (Maynooth Monographs 1), 2nd edition, Maynooth: An Sagart, →ISBN, page 31
- Strachan, John, Bergin, Osborn (1949) Old-Irish Paradigms and Selections from the Old-Irish Glosses, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, →ISBN, pages 34–43
- Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2017) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, pages 352–79
