Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/Wōdanaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic edit

Etymology edit

Related to *wōdaz (“rage, manic inspiration”), from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂t- (“to be excited”). Compare Old Norse óðr (“rage”), Dutch woede (“rage”) and woeden (“to rage”), Irish fáidh, Latin vātēs.

English Wednes (in Wednes-day) is not an exact cognate but rather continues Proto-Germanic *Wōdinaz, pre-Germanic *Wātenos. (Old Norse Óðinn, however, due to its lack of umlaut, appears to continue *Wōdanaz and the replacement of the suffix vowel appears to be secondary, (compare Proto-Norse ᚺᚨᛁᛏᛁᚾᚨᛉ (haitinaʀ) and ᛊᛚᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᛉ (slaginaʀ), from *haitanaz and *slaganaz, respective past participles of *haitaną and *slahaną).^[1])

This suggests a variation of the theonym in early Germanic, *Wōdanaz vs. *Wōdinaz. The form with -i- as attested in Old Frisian wednesdei appears to have been present in Frisia (cf. also similar Middle Dutch wenesdach). The situation in Old English is unclear. The attested Old English forms point to *Wōdanaz, but i-umlauted forms surface in records after the end of the Old English period. Thus, wōdnesdæġ is replaced by continuations of *wēdnesdæġ around AD 1200. The same transition to the umlauted form of the theonym during the 12th or early 13th century (early Middle English) is also found in English placenames, such as Wensley (Wednesleg ca. 1212, earlier Wodnesleie), Wednesbury (Wednesbiri 1227, earlier Wadnesberie, Wodnesberia), Wednesfield (Wednesfeld 1251, earlier Wodnesfelde).

Based on an Old English form Ōdon, which appears to have been borrowed from Old Danish, Schaffner deduces that the original shape of the theonym was likely *Wōdunaz rather than *Wōdanaz.^[2]

The oldest attestation of the theonym, Proto-Norse ᚹᛟᛞᚾᚨᛊ (wodnas) from the Vindelev bracteate X13 (c. 5th century), suggests a fourth possibility, *Wōdnaz, although this would require independent i-insertion in both Proto-/Old Norse (after i-mutation had run its course) and proto-Anglo Frisian (before i-mutation had begun). It is conceivable that such a change could have originated in one of the two groups and spread through diffusion to the other (since these are the two northernmost branches of Proto-Germanic).

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ˈwɔː.ðɑ.nɑz/

Proper noun edit

*Wōdanaz m^[3]

Woden or Odin, the Germanic supreme god. Identified in later times with the Roman god Mercury.

Inflection edit

masculine a-stemDeclension of *Wōdanaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular
nominative	*Wōdanaz
vocative	*Wōdan
accusative	*Wōdaną
genitive	Wōdanas, Wōdanis
dative	*Wōdanai
instrumental	*Wōdanō

Alternative reconstructions edit

*Wōdinaz, *Wōdunaz, *Wōdnaz

Descendants edit

Proto-West Germanic: *Wōdan
- Old English: Wōden, *Wēden, *Wœden; Wodæn; Woddan
  - → Latin: Wothen
  - Middle English: Woden
  - → English: Woden (learned)
- Old Frisian: *Wēden, *Wēda
  - North Frisian: Wedke
- Old Saxon: Wōden
  - Middle Low German: Wode
- Old Dutch: Wuodan, Wuadan, *Wuotan
  - Middle Dutch: *Woeden, *Woen
    - Dutch: Woen (likely back-formation from woensdag)
- Old High German:
  Latin script: Wōdan, Wuotan, Uuodan
  Runic script: ᚹᛟᛞᚨᚾ (wodan)
  - → Dutch: Wodan (learned)
  - → German: Wotan, Wodan, Wuodan, Wuotan (learned)
    - → English: Wotan
  - → Latin: Vōdanus
- Lombardic: Godan, *Wōdan
  - → Latin: Godan
Proto-Norse: ᚹᛟᛞᛁᚾᚨᛉ (wodinaʀ /⁠Wōdinaʀ⁠/), ᚹᛟᛞᛁᚾᛦ (wodinʀ /⁠Wōdinʀ⁠/)
- Old Norse: Óðinn, ᚢᚦᛁᚾ (uþin), ᚮᚦᛂᚾ (oþen)
  - Icelandic: Óðinn
  - Faroese: Óðin
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: Oden, ons- (< Óðins), Odin
  - Old Swedish: Ōþin, Ōdhen, Ōdhin
    - Swedish: Oden
  - Old Danish: Odhen
    - Scanian: Óðen, Nóðen
    - Danish: Oden
  - → Danish: Odin
    - Norwegian Bokmål: Odin
  - → Old English: Ōþen, Ōðon, Ōwðen
  - → English: Odin
    - → Japanese: オーディン (Ōdin)
    - → Chinese: 奧丁／奥丁 (Àodīng)
  - → Latin: Ōthinus, Ōdinus, Ōthin
    - Italian: Odino
  - → Portuguese: Ódin
  - → Spanish: Odín
  - → German: Odin
    - → French: Odin
  - → Swedish: Odin
    - → Finnish: Odin
  - → Russian: О́дин (Ódin)

References edit

^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 18-20
^ Schaffner, Stefan. Die Götternamen des Zweiten Merseburger Zauberspruchs. In: Heiner Eichner, Robert Nedoma: „insprinc haptbandun“. Referate des Kolloquiums zu den Merseburger Zaubersprüchen auf der XI. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft in Halle/Saale (17.-23. September 2000) Teil 1. In: Die Sprache – Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft. 41, Heft 2 (1999; published in 2002), Wiener Sprachgesellschaft. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 1999, →ISSN, 153–205.
^ Agee, Joshua (2018) “A Glottometric Subgrouping of the Early Germanic Languages (PhD thesis)”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎^[1], San Jose State University, →DOI, page 162: “PGmc *wōdanaz”

[1] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 18-20

[2] Schaffner, Stefan. Die Götternamen des Zweiten Merseburger Zauberspruchs. In: Heiner Eichner, Robert Nedoma: „insprinc haptbandun“. Referate des Kolloquiums zu den Merseburger Zaubersprüchen auf der XI. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft in Halle/Saale (17.-23. September 2000) Teil 1. In: Die Sprache – Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft. 41, Heft 2 (1999; published in 2002), Wiener Sprachgesellschaft. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 1999, →ISSN, 153–205.

[3] Agee, Joshua (2018) “A Glottometric Subgrouping of the Early Germanic Languages (PhD thesis)”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎^[1], San Jose State University, →DOI, page 162: “PGmc *wōdanaz”

[1]

[2]

[3]