Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brinnaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Kroonen reconstructs Pre-Germanic *bʰrénuh₁e-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbrin.nɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*brinnaną

1. to burn, to be on fire

Inflection

Conjugation of *brinnaną (strong class 3)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*brinnō	*brinnaų	—	*brinnai	?
2nd singular	*brinnizi	*brinnaiz	*brinn	*brinnazai	*brinnaizau
3rd singular	*brinnidi	*brinnai	*brinnadau	*brinnadai	*brinnaidau
1st dual	*brinnōz	*brinnaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*brinnadiz	*brinnaidiz	*brinnadiz	—	—
1st plural	*brinnamaz	*brinnaim	—	*brinnandai	*brinnaindau
2nd plural	*brinnid	*brinnaid	*brinnid	*brinnandai	*brinnaindau
3rd plural	*brinnandi	*brinnain	*brinnandau	*brinnandai	*brinnaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*brann	*brunnį̄
2nd singular	*brannt	*brunnīz
3rd singular	*brann	*brunnī
1st dual	*brunnū	*brunnīw
2nd dual	*brunnudiz	*brunnīdiz
1st plural	*brunnum	*brunnīm
2nd plural	*brunnud	*brunnīd
3rd plural	*brunnun	*brunnīn
	present	past
participles	*brinnandz	*brunnanaz

Derived terms

• *brannijaną

Descendants

Many of these descendants have been merged or replaced with the causative *brannijaną.

• Proto-West Germanic: *brinnan
  • Old English: biernan, byrnan, birnan, beornan
    • Middle English: bernen, bern, berne, birnen, brennen
      • English: burn
      • Scots: bern, brenn, bren, brend
  • Old Saxon: brinnan
    • Middle Low German: bernen, barnen, burnen
      • German Low German: brannen
  • Old Dutch: brinnan
    • Middle Dutch: bernen, barnen
      • Dutch: barnen
      • Limburgish: borre
      • ⇒ Middle Dutch: branden (backformation)
        • Dutch: branden
        • Limburgish: branje, brenje
  • Old High German: brinnan
    • Middle High German: brinnen
      • Alemannic German: brünne (dated)
      • Bavarian: brinna
        • Cimbrian: prönnan
      • German: brinnen (obsolete)
• Old Norse: brinna, brenna
  • Icelandic: brenna
  • Faroese: brenna
  • Norwegian: brenna, brenne
  • Elfdalian: brinna
  • Old Swedish: brinna
    • Swedish: brinna
  • Old Danish: brinnæ, brænnæ
    • Danish: brænde
    • Scanian: brænða
  • Gutnish: brinne
• Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (brinnan)