Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gruppōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *gʰr̥bʰnéh₂-, with remodeling based on its strong verb, an iterative formation to *grabaną (“to dig”). Related to Sanskrit गृभ्णाति (gṛbhṇāti, “to seize, lay hold of”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɣrup.pɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*gruppōną

1. to dig, scrape, groove

Inflection

Conjugation of *gruppōną (weak class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*gruppō	*gruppǭ	—	*gruppōi	?
2nd singular	*gruppōsi	*gruppōs	*gruppō	*gruppōsai	*gruppōsau
3rd singular	*gruppōþi	*gruppō	*gruppōþau	*gruppōþai	*gruppōþau
1st dual	*gruppōs	*gruppōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*gruppōþiz	*gruppōþiz	*gruppōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*gruppōmaz	*gruppōm	—	*gruppōnþai	*gruppōnþau
2nd plural	*gruppōþ	*gruppōþ	*gruppōþ	*gruppōnþai	*gruppōnþau
3rd plural	*gruppōnþi	*gruppōn	*gruppōnþau	*gruppōnþai	*gruppōnþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*gruppōdǭ	*gruppōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*gruppōdēz	*gruppōdēdīz
3rd singular	*gruppōdē	*gruppōdēdī
1st dual	*gruppōdēdū	*gruppōdēdīw
2nd dual	*gruppōdēdudiz	*gruppōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*gruppōdēdum	*gruppōdēdīm
2nd plural	*gruppōdēdud	*gruppōdēdīd
3rd plural	*gruppōdēdun	*gruppōdēdīn
	present	past
participles	*gruppōndz	*gruppōdaz

Descendants

The original paradigm of singular *grupp- against non-singular *grub-, allowed for different leveling among the daughter languages.

• Middle English: grubben, gropen
  • English: grub, groop
• Middle Low German: gropen
• Old Dutch:
  • Middle Dutch: grobben
    • ⇒ Dutch: grobbelen (frequentative)
• German: groppen (dialectal)
• Norwegian: gropa

References

• Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN