Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hlahjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Indo-European *klek- (“to laugh, cackle”). Cognate with Russian клекота́ть (klekotátʹ, “to scream (of birds of prey)”). Possibly related to Proto-Celtic *klokkos (“bell”).

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ˈxlɑx.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb edit

*hlahjaną

to laugh

Inflection edit

Conjugation of *hlahjaną (strong class 6 j-present)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hlahjō	*hlahjaų	—	*hlahjai	?
2nd singular	*hlahisi	*hlahjais	*hlahi	*hlahjasai	*hlahjaisau
3rd singular	*hlahiþi	*hlahjai	*hlahjaþau	*hlahjaþai	*hlahjaiþau
1st dual	*hlahjōs	*hlahjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hlahjaþiz	*hlahjaiþiz	*hlahjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hlahjamaz	*hlahjaim	—	*hlahjanþai	*hlahjainþau
2nd plural	*hlahiþ	*hlahjaiþ	*hlahiþ	*hlahjanþai	*hlahjainþau
3rd plural	*hlahjanþi	*hlahjain	*hlahjanþau	*hlahjanþai	*hlahjainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hlōh	*hlōgį̄
2nd singular	*hlōht	*hlōgīz
3rd singular	*hlōh	*hlōgī
1st dual	*hlōgū	*hlōgīw
2nd dual	*hlōgudiz	*hlōgīdiz
1st plural	*hlōgum	*hlōgīm
2nd plural	*hlōgud	*hlōgīd
3rd plural	*hlōgun	*hlōgīn

	present	past
participles	*hlahjandz	*hlaganaz

Derived terms edit

Related terms edit

Descendants edit

Proto-West Germanic: *hlahhjan
- Old English: hliehhan, hlihan; hlihhan, hlehhan, hlæhan, hlihan, hlichan, hlihgan, hlyhhan
  - Middle English: laughen
    - English: laugh
    - Scots: lauch
    - Yola: leeigh, leigh
- Old Saxon: hlahhian, hlahan
  - Middle Low German: lachen
    - Low German: lachen
    - Plautdietsch: lachen
- Old Dutch: *lahhen, *lahhan
  - Middle Dutch: lachen
    - Dutch: lachen
      - Afrikaans: lag
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: laki
      - Javindo: lach, lag, lah
      - Negerhollands: lach, lak
      - Petjo: lahen
    - Limburgish: lache
- Old High German: hlahhan, hlahhēn
  - Middle High German: lachen
    - Alemannic German: lache
    - Cimbrian: lachan
    - German: lachen
    - Luxembourgish: laachen
    - Yiddish: לאַכן (lakhn)
Old Norse: hlæja
- Icelandic: hlæja
- Faroese: læa
- Elfdalian: läa
- Old Swedish: lēia, lea, lēa
  - Swedish: le
- Old Danish: lē
  - Danish: le
    - Norwegian Bokmål: le
East Germanic
- Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hlahjan)
- Crimean Gothic: lachen

References edit

Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hlah(j)an-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN