Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/trudaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic edit

Etymology edit

Probably originally a root aorist, present singular *tred-, non-singular *trud-, from a possible Pre-Germanic *dret-, which could theoretically be an extension of Proto-Indo-European *dr-, compare *drem- and *dreh₂-.^[1] Akin to Proto-Slavic *dьrtěti (“to degrade, to age”).

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ˈtru.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb edit

*trudaną

to tread, to step on

Inflection edit

The present tense has the zero grade vowel -u- rather than -e-. The past participle might have had either.

Conjugation of *trudaną (strong class 4)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*trudō	*trudaų	—	*trudai	?
2nd singular	*trudizi	*trudaiz	*trud	*trudazai	*trudaizau
3rd singular	*trudidi	*trudai	*trudadau	*trudadai	*trudaidau
1st dual	*trudōz	*trudaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*trudadiz	*trudaidiz	*trudadiz	—	—
1st plural	*trudamaz	*trudaim	—	*trudandai	*trudaindau
2nd plural	*trudid	*trudaid	*trudid	*trudandai	*trudaindau
3rd plural	*trudandi	*trudain	*trudandau	*trudandai	*trudaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*trad	*trēdį̄
2nd singular	*trast	*trēdīz
3rd singular	*trad	*trēdī
1st dual	*trēdū	*trēdīw
2nd dual	*trēdudiz	*trēdīdiz
1st plural	*trēdum	*trēdīm
2nd plural	*trēdud	*trēdīd
3rd plural	*trēdun	*trēdīn

	present	past
participles	*trudandz	*trudanaz

Derived terms edit

Related terms edit

*tradō
?*truzlą

Descendants edit

The West Germanic descendants have regularised the ablaut of this verb by replacing the -u- with -e-. However, the Medieval Latin loanword trot(t)ō suggests that the original vocalism may have been retained in some High German varieties.

Proto-West Germanic: *tredan
- Old English: tredan
  - Middle English: treden
    - Scots: trad, tred
    - English: tread
- Old Frisian: treda
  - Saterland Frisian: treede
  - West Frisian: trêdzje
- Old Saxon: *tredan
  - Middle Low German: trēden
    - Low German: treden
    - → Swedish: träda
    - → Danish: træde
    - → Faroese: træða, treða
- Old Dutch: tredan
  - Middle Dutch: trēden
    - Dutch: treden
    - Limburgish: traeje
- Old High German: tretan
  - Middle High German: treten
    - Central Franconian: tredde, träde, treade
      - Bavarian: tretn
      - Hunsrik: trede
      - Luxembourgish: trieden
    - German: treten
      - ⇒ German: Trotte
- → Medieval Latin: trottō, trotō
  - Old French: trotter, troter
    - French: trotter
    - → English: trot
  - Italian: trottare
  - Spanish: trotar
  - Portuguese: trotar
  - Occitan: trotar
Old Norse: troða, truða
- Icelandic: troða
- Faroese: troða
- Norwegian Nynorsk: trå, trø
- Elfdalian: troðå
- Old Swedish: troþa, trudha
  - Swedish: tråda, trå, (träda)
- Danish: trå, tråde (træde)
  - Norwegian Bokmål: trå
- Medelpadian: trö
Gothic: 𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (trudan)

References edit

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[1]