Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wrīhaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *wreyḱ- (“to twist, weave, bind”). Cognate with Latin rīca (“veil, toile”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈwriː.xɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*wrīhaną

1. to wind, turn
2. to wrap, cover, shroud, envelop

Inflection

Conjugation of *wrīhaną (strong class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*wrīhō	*wrīhaų	—	*wrīhai	?
2nd singular	*wrīhizi	*wrīhaiz	*wrīh	*wrīhazai	*wrīhaizau
3rd singular	*wrīhidi	*wrīhai	*wrīhadau	*wrīhadai	*wrīhaidau
1st dual	*wrīhōz	*wrīhaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*wrīhadiz	*wrīhaidiz	*wrīhadiz	—	—
1st plural	*wrīhamaz	*wrīhaim	—	*wrīhandai	*wrīhaindau
2nd plural	*wrīhid	*wrīhaid	*wrīhid	*wrīhandai	*wrīhaindau
3rd plural	*wrīhandi	*wrīhain	*wrīhandau	*wrīhandai	*wrīhaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*wraih	*wrigį̄
2nd singular	*wraiht	*wrigīz
3rd singular	*wraih	*wrigī
1st dual	*wrigū	*wrigīw
2nd dual	*wrigudiz	*wrigīdiz
1st plural	*wrigum	*wrigīm
2nd plural	*wrigud	*wrigīd
3rd plural	*wrigun	*wrigīn
	present	past
participles	*wrīhandz	*wriganaz

Related terms

• *wristuz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *wrīhan, *wrīan, *wrīgan
  • Old English: wrēon (“to cover (up)”)
    • Middle English: wrihen, wreon, wrien, wryen
      • English: wry
  • Old Frisian: *wrīgia
    • West Frisian: riuwe (“to bind with twine; to constrict”)
    • ⇒ Old Frisian: wreigenge (“bedcover, duvet”)
    • ⇒ Old Frisian: wrichte (“battle-garment”)
  • Old Saxon: *wrīgan, *wrīan
    • Middle Low German: rîgen, rîen
      • German Low German:

        Altmärkisch: rîn

        Low Prussian: rêgen

        Westphalian:

        Bentheimisch: rîgen

        Dortmundisch, Sauerländisch: riggen

        Sauerländisch: reyjen (Wenden)

        East Westphalian: rüijen, rüigen, röjjen (Lippe), ruijjen (Ravensberg)

        Westmünsterländisch: rijen

  • Old Dutch: *rīgan, *rīan
    • Middle Dutch: rîen (“to bind with twine”), rijenn, rîgen
      • Dutch: rijgen
      • Limburgish: riege
  • Old High German: rīhan, *rīgan
    • Middle High German: rîhen, rîgen, rîhhen (“to pleat; to impale”)
      • German: reihen
      • Luxembourgish: reien